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Beyond weight loss in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the role of carbohydrate restriction
Purpose of review The low fat diet (LFD) is currently the first choice to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) alongside with physical activity. However, low carbohydrate diets (LCDs) and ketogenic diets have gained attention lately, thanks to their favourable impact in reducing intrahepatic triglyceride content. We therefore aimed at providing an update on recent evidence evaluating the hepatoprotective effects of such dietary interventions. Recent findings Novel findings confirmed previous evidence by showing beneficial effects on liver fat content reduction for both LFDs and LCDs. The further restri...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: CARBOHYDRATES: Edited by Bettina Mittendorfer and Faidon Magkos Source Type: research

Carbohydrate intake and circadian synchronicity in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
Purpose of review Glucose metabolism is under circadian regulation, with insulin secretion and sensitivity being highest in the morning as compared to the evening. The present review will discuss the existing evidence for the role of meal and macronutrient timing to improve glucose metabolism and reset circadian clocks, with a focus on the evidence in humans. Recent findings Shortening the daily eating window (also known as time-restricted eating), or skewing food intake towards breakfast and away from the evening meal both improve glucose control in people with impaired glucose metabolism. Insulin is recently p...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: CARBOHYDRATES: Edited by Bettina Mittendorfer and Faidon Magkos Source Type: research

Editorial: Is reducing dietary carbohydrate the way to go?
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: CARBOHYDRATES: Edited by Bettina Mittendorfer and Faidon Magkos Source Type: research

Diurnal rhythms and obesity
Purpose of review This review will discuss the recent studies that implicate disturbed diurnal rhythms with the development of obesity. The second part of the review will discuss studies that use feeding time to restore diurnal rhythms and rescue obesity. Recent findings Studies in patients with obesity and diabetes reveal attenuated circadian and metabolic rhythms in adipose tissue. The use of animal models furthers our mechanistic insight on how environmental disturbances such as high-fat diet and shift work disturb circadian and metabolic rhythms. Studies in both animals and humans describe how disturbance of...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: GENES AND CELL METABOLISM: Edited by Anastasia Z. Kalea and Dorothy Klimis-Zacas Source Type: research

Genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes and its shared genetic component with low birth weight in African Americans
Purpose of review Recent large-scale multiancestry efforts has contributed to our knowledge of the hereditary basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present review will summarize findings of the genetic basis of T2D in African Americans, a population group with a disproportionate burden of this disease. Recent findings To date,>400 risk genetic variants have been found to be associated with the risk of T2D across populations of different ancestries. Although these findings are based on primarily European-ancestry populations, most of the identified loci show similar associations in African Americans. Ancestry-speci...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: GENES AND CELL METABOLISM: Edited by Anastasia Z. Kalea and Dorothy Klimis-Zacas Source Type: research

Precision nutrition based on phenotypical traits and the (epi)genotype: nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic approaches for obesity care
Purpose of review The purpose of this article is to rationally review and critically appraise the current knowledge in the most relevant nongenetic and genetic factors influencing obesity predisposition. This information may be translated into the implementation of personalized nutrition approaches involving precision nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic strategies for obesity monitoring and weight management. Recent findings The importance and influence of several nongenetic contributors to obesity onset and individual responses to weight-loss interventions have been highlighted including the role of age, sex or perin...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: GENES AND CELL METABOLISM: Edited by Anastasia Z. Kalea and Dorothy Klimis-Zacas Source Type: research

Recent advances in understanding the adaptive evolution of metabolic genes and traits
Purpose of review This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the adaptive evolution of metabolic genes and traits, providing insights into gene-diet interactions in human evolution and health. Recent findings The rapid accumulation of ancient DNA across time and geography illuminates unprecedented details of some well-established examples of genetic adaptation to diet, such as the LCT and FADS genes. Novel cases of thrifty genes were identified, especially a microRNA at the LCT locus that controls energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis, connecting the historical adaptation to present-day met...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: GENES AND CELL METABOLISM: Edited by Anastasia Z. Kalea and Dorothy Klimis-Zacas Source Type: research

The role of dietary supplements that modulate one-carbon metabolism on stroke outcome
Purpose of review Ischemic stroke results in disability and mortality worldwide. Nutrition is a modifiable risk factor for stroke. For example, deficiencies in one-carbon metabolism have been linked to increased risk of stroke through elevated levels of homocysteine. Some countries world-wide fortify their diets with folates to prevent neural tube defects, but deficiencies in other one-carbon metabolites, such as vitamin B12 and choline are still present in many populations. The aim of this review is to understand the current evidence on how dietary supplementation by nutrients which modulate one-carbon metabolism impa...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: GENES AND CELL METABOLISM: Edited by Anastasia Z. Kalea and Dorothy Klimis-Zacas Source Type: research

Purine metabolites and complex diseases: role of genes and nutrients
Purpose of review Purines have several important physiological functions as part of nucleic acids and as intracellular and extracellular signaling molecules. Purine metabolites, particularly uric acid, have been implicated in congenital and complex diseases. However, their role in complex diseases is not clear and they have both beneficial and detrimental effects on disease pathogenesis. In addition, the relationship between purines and complex diseases is affected by genetic and nutritional factors. This review presents latest findings about the relationship between purines and complex diseases and the effect of genes...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: GENES AND CELL METABOLISM: Edited by Anastasia Z. Kalea and Dorothy Klimis-Zacas Source Type: research

Recent advances and current controversies in genetic testing for personalized nutrition
Purpose of review Considerable interest in personalized nutrition exists among the general public, policymakers, healthcare organizations and the private sector, but there is also skepticism of its utility. The present review aims to provide a summary of current controversies in the field of nutrigenomics, and to highlight recent research on the potential impact of implementing genetic testing for personalized nutrition in practice. Recent findings Numerous companies already offer genetic testing for personalized nutrition based on research developments in nutritional genomics. However, controversy exists over w...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: GENES AND CELL METABOLISM: Edited by Anastasia Z. Kalea and Dorothy Klimis-Zacas Source Type: research

Editorial: Nutrition, precision and nature: the focus on the individual, not the average individual
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: GENES AND CELL METABOLISM: Edited by Anastasia Z. Kalea and Dorothy Klimis-Zacas Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 11, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Early or delayed parenteral nutrition for infants: what evidence is available?
Purpose of review To review the current evidence evaluating early versus delayed commencement of parenteral nutrition in infants. Recent findings Recent studies in very premature infants (3.5 g/kg/day immediately after birth) may cause metabolic acidosis, elevated blood urea, slower head growth and refeeding-hypophosphatemia syndrome. A recent multicentre randomized controlled trial found that commencement of parenteral nutrition within 24-h of admission increases the risk of infections and prolongs the duration of ventilation and ICU stay in full-term neonates, older infants and children. The study also found...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 9, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: PAEDIATRICS: Edited by Berthold Koletzko and Raanan Shamir Source Type: research

Ready-to-use therapeutic foods for the treatment of malnourished children and infants
Purpose of review Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) allow effective community-based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Current interest focuses on their optimal composition and use. Recent findings Studies of alternative RUTF have yielded differing results. Partial soybean, sorghum flour, and whey protein replacement RUTF were inferior to standard RUTF. In contrast, soy-based RUTF was as effective as milk-based RUTF and an alternative RUTF with added oats lead to superior recovery in comparison to standard RUTF. Reducing the dose of RUTF in the later phases of SAM recovery resulted in small re...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 9, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: PAEDIATRICS: Edited by Berthold Koletzko and Raanan Shamir Source Type: research

Large-scale food fortification has great potential to improve child health and nutrition
Purpose of review Undernutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies, continues to plague children across the world, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The situation has worsened alongside the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic because of major systemic disruptions to food supply, healthcare, and employment. Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) is a potential strategy for improving micronutrient intakes through the addition of vitamins and minerals to staple foods and improving the nutritional status of populations at large. Recent findings Current evidence unquestionably supports the use of LSFF to im...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 9, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: PAEDIATRICS: Edited by Berthold Koletzko and Raanan Shamir Source Type: research