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Diagnosis of malnutrition in patients with gastrointestinal diseases: recent observations from a Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition perspective
Purpose of review To review recent reports on techniques and tools for screening and diagnosis of malnutrition in gastrointestinal disease, in the light of the newly published definition of malnutrition by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM). Recent findings In 2019, the GLIM concept of malnutrition was published advocating a two-step procedure; first, screening, and second confirmation of the diagnosis that requires a combination of phenotypic and etiologic criteria. Three studies in patients with gastrointestinal disorders so far published utilize the GLIM criteria. Otherwise, traditional tools, ...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Edited by M. Isabel T.D. Correia and André Van Gossum Source Type: research

Fecal microbial transplant for inflammatory bowel disease
Purpose of review The purpose of this brief review is to investigate the current utility of fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) to ameliorate dysbiosis contributing to inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Recent findings Increasing data from randomized, controlled trials support a role for multiple FMT administrations in the induction of remission and even as a maintenance therapy in mild-to-moderate Ulcerative Colitis. Small series and one small randomized controlled trial among patients with Crohn's Disease and with pouchitis continue to produce conflicting clinical results and microbial profile data on the ho...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Edited by M. Isabel T.D. Correia and André Van Gossum Source Type: research

Nutrition and inflammatory bowel disease
Purpose of review Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are always interested in the effects of diet on their disease and are often puzzled by the apparent lack of concern in this regard expressed by their doctors. This lack of concern too often reflects the lack of knowledge but it must be recognized that the evidence base for nutritional interventions is weak and compares poorly with that underlying the use of modern biologic drugs. Recent findings The past year has had its usual collection of personal and systematic reviews of the topic and a regrettably large number of poor quality publications on nutriti...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Edited by M. Isabel T.D. Correia and André Van Gossum Source Type: research

The new place of enterohormones in intestinal failure
Purpose of review Since the approval of teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog, for the treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) associated with intestinal failure, enterohormone therapy has received significant interest and is becoming the first choice of treatment in selected patients. As such, it is paramount to assess and understand the new place of hormonal therapy in the algorithm of treatments in SBS-intestinal failure. Recent findings Specialized intestinal failure units have recently reported their outcomes with teduglutide to evaluate if they are consistent with the phase III tria...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Edited by M. Isabel T.D. Correia and André Van Gossum Source Type: research

When to use probiotics in luminal gastrointestinal disorders?
Purpose of review With the growing popularity and commercialization of probiotics, it is important to understand the implications of existing randomized controlled trials and their applicability in the clinical setting to treat luminal gastrointestinal diseases. Recent findings Probiotics may be useful in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, prevention of Clostridioides difficile infection and eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Some evidence supports the use of probiotics in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, prevention and treatment of pouchitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Caution has to be exercise...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Edited by M. Isabel T.D. Correia and André Van Gossum Source Type: research

Appetite control: hormones or diet strategies?
Purpose of review Appetite control results from metabolic, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence hunger and the desire to eat. We summarize the latest advances in the hormonal and nutritional strategies to control appetite and reduce hunger. Recent findings The fed-hunger-state is regulated by central and peripheric hormones, which modulate energy balance. Leptin, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and other gut-derived peptides represent the main appetite controllers. The role of orexins, obestatin, and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 has been uncovered recently. New insights have demonstrated...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Edited by M. Isabel T.D. Correia and André Van Gossum Source Type: research

Noncoeliac wheat sensitivity and diet
Purpose of review Noncoeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) can be suspected after exclusion of coeliac disease and wheat allergy. However, poorly understood pathogenesis of the NCGS, lack of gold standard for diagnosis and agreement in the definition for the NCGS condition, open the space for future investigation. This review aims to give an overview on the diagnosis and effective diet composition in the treatment of NCGS symptoms. Recent findings It appears that a diet low in fermentable oligo, di, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) and gluten-free diet play a prominent role in the strategy of NCGS management. Con...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Edited by M. Isabel T.D. Correia and André Van Gossum Source Type: research

Editorial
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Edited by M. Isabel T.D. Correia and André Van Gossum Source Type: research

Assessment of energy expenditure: are calories measured differently for different diets?
Purpose of review The prevalence and burden of obesity has reached alarming levels. The assessment of human energy expenditure enables the identification of obesity-prone and obesity-resistant individuals and helps to explain the short and long-term success of weight loss treatments. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art methods used in the assessment of human energy expenditure and the impact of dietary intake on the interpretation of the data. Recent findings The reference techniques to assess energy expenditure in humans have not significantly changed during the last century. Today, indirect calorimetry,...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC STATUS: Edited by Dwight E. Matthews and Kristina Norman Source Type: research

Assessment of muscle mass in critically ill patients: role of the sarcopenia index and images studies
Purpose of review Sarcopenia is a progressive generalized decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. This condition is highly prevalent in critically ill patients and is associated with poor outcomes in the ICU. In this review, we describe the use, evidence, and limitations of the most common validated imaging studies used to assess muscle mass in ICU, and we provide an overview of the benefits of using the sarcopenia index [(serum creatinine/serum cystatin C) × 100]) in the ICU. Recent findings Currently, the determination of muscle mass using anthropometric measurements and serum biomarkers is unr...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC STATUS: Edited by Dwight E. Matthews and Kristina Norman Source Type: research

Mammalian metabolism of erythritol: a predictive biomarker of metabolic dysfunction
Purpose of review To summarize recent advances in our understanding of mammalian erythritol metabolism and its use as a predictive biomarker of cardiometabolic disease risk. Recent findings Elevated serum erythritol predicts future central adiposity gain and type 2 diabetes mellitus in healthy adults. Erythritol is a newly recognized human metabolic product of glucose, synthesized through the pentose phosphate pathway. The final conversion of this metabolic pathway is catalyzed by the enzymes sorbitol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase 1. Erythritol is also a well characterized nonnutritive sweetener. Recent stud...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC STATUS: Edited by Dwight E. Matthews and Kristina Norman Source Type: research

Editorial: A different year from any before
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC STATUS: Edited by Dwight E. Matthews and Kristina Norman Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - August 13, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Nutrition in times of Covid-19, how to trust the deluge of scientific information
Purpose of review The Covid-19 pandemic has daunted the world with its enormous impact on healthcare, economic recession, and psychological distress. Nutrition is an integral part of every person life care, and should also be mandatorily integrated to patient care under the Covid-19 pandemic. It is crucial to understand how the Covid-19 does develop and which risk factors are associated with negative outcomes and death. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have studies that respect the basic tenets of the scientific method in order to be trusted. The goal of this review is to discuss the deluge of scientific data and...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 6, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: SPECIAL COMMENTARY Source Type: research

The role of brown adipose tissue and the thermogenic adipocytes in glucose metabolism: recent advances and open questions
Purpose of review Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the thermogenic adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) are considered emerging targets against obesity-related metabolic perturbations given their high capacity for thermogenesis and glucose and lipid disposal. This manuscript summarizes and critically evaluates the recent advances on the role of BAT and thermogenic adipocytes in glucose homeostasis in humans. Recent findings Recent studies support that BAT has high capacity for glucose disposal not only during cold but during rewarming and thermoneutrality as well. Moreover, BAT is now considered a metabolic sink for...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - June 6, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: CARBOHYDRATES: Edited by Bettina Mittendorfer and Olle Ljungqvist Source Type: research