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Nutritional therapy in critically ill patients with diabetes
Purpose of review There has been a significant increase in nutrition therapy related studies within the critical care cohort in recent years. Management of patients with both diabetes and stress hyperglycaemia through targeted nutrition interventions is no exception. The aim of this review is to outline current available diabetes specific nutrition formula, its impact on gastric emptying and subsequently glycaemic control as well as explore recent literature on the efficacy of utilizing nutrition support to optimize glycaemic control in critically ill patients. Recent findings Studies explored within this review...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: Edited by Michael P. Casaer and Adam M. Deane Source Type: research

HMB and leucine supplementation during critical illness and recovery
Purpose of review Skeletal muscle wasting is a serious consequence of critical illness, which may impact on long term physical and functional disability. To date, no intervention has been proven to reduce skeletal muscle wasting. Leucine and it's metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) have been proposed as interventions. This review details the mechanism of action of both leucine and HMB, discusses the most recent research for both leucine and HMB and lastly discusses considerations for future research. Recent findings Only one study of leucine in critical illness has recently been published. This was a f...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: Edited by Michael P. Casaer and Adam M. Deane Source Type: research

Editorial: Recent challenges in providing clinical nutrition and metabolic care
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: Edited by Michael P. Casaer and Adam M. Deane Source Type: research

Recent advances in policy and practice translation of the evidence for additional omega-3 fatty acids and prematurity
Purpose of review This is a review of the most up-to-date research on the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids for reducing the risk of prematurity in well nourished women with access to high-quality obstetric care. It will provide an overview of the translation of the evidence on omega-3 screening into policy, and the latest research on how to implement the policy into practice. Recent findings Findings of the included clinical studies support that omega-3 supplementation for women with a singleton pregnancy who have a low omega-3 status reduces the risk of early preterm birth. Summary There is evidence ...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: LIPID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Philip C. Calder and Manpreet S. Mundi Source Type: research

Nutritional impact of omega 3 fatty acids and metabolites in acute and chronic critical illness
Purpose of review Lipids have been utilized historically as a calorie dense means to ensure delivery of essential fatty acids (FA). Since the development of mixed lipid emulsion and investigation of immunomodulatory formulas, there has been an awakening that not all lipids are created equal. This narrative review focuses on contemporary evidence in the utilization of lipids (namely omega 3 fatty acids) in both acute and chronic critical illness. Recent findings Though randomized control trials and meta-analyses provide little guidance regarding clinical practice for patients suffering from chronic critical illne...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: LIPID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Philip C. Calder and Manpreet S. Mundi Source Type: research

Specialized pro-resolving mediators in respiratory diseases
Purpose of review Persistent unresolved inflammation results in a number of pathologic respiratory diseases including asthma, cystic fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated ARDS. Inflammation resolution is an active series of biologic processes orchestrated by a family of bioactive specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) derived from essential omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In this review, we highlight recent findings on dysregulated inflammation resolution in common respiratory diseases and recent literature on SPM generation ...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: LIPID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Philip C. Calder and Manpreet S. Mundi Source Type: research

New understandings of the pathway of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis
Purpose of review Molecular studies have clarified the roles of the fatty acid desaturase (FADSx) and elongation of very long chain fatty acid (ELOVLx) genes, as well as acyl-coenzyme A synthase long-chain isoforms (ACSLx) required for entry to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) biosynthetic pathways. Recent findings FADS1 and FADS2 but not FADS3 are active toward PUFA. FADS1 is a Δ5-desaturase operating on five C20 PUFA, and is strongly regulated by human genetic polymorphisms, modulating circulating arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) levels. In contrast, FADS2 operates on at least 16 substrates, including...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: LIPID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Philip C. Calder and Manpreet S. Mundi Source Type: research

Editorial: Bioactive fatty acids for public and patient benefit – harnessing the full potential
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: LIPID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Philip C. Calder and Manpreet S. Mundi Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 4, 2022 Category: Nutrition Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Phosphatases of regenerating liver are key regulators of metabolism in cancer cells – role of Serine/Glycine metabolism
Purpose of review Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL) are dual-specificity phosphatases and comprise three members, PRL-1, -2 and -3. Despite the importance of PRLs as oncoproteins, there is no consensus function for this family of phosphatases. In the current review paper, we summarize recent findings on the role of PRLs in metabolic regulation. Recent findings Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a cancer hallmark. Glucose is the major source of energy in cells. Glucose metabolism occurs through the glycolysis and can continue through the pathways such as serine synthesis pathway or the tricarboxylic a...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 13, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

In-vivo production of branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain keto acids, and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
This article highlights the importance of implementing BCAA, BCKA, and HMB kinetic studies to further advance the field by gaining more mechanistic insights and providing direction to the development of new targeted (nutritional) strategies. (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 13, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

SARC-F and other screening tests for sarcopenia
Purpose of review Sarcopenia screening tools can enable clinicians to select individuals for more demanding evaluations, and hence, may facilitate its timely diagnosis and management. The most common recommended screening test is SARC-F, whereas many others are proposed. We aimed to summarize the recent studies and evidence performed on SARC-F and other sarcopenia screening tools. Recent findings Meta-analysis studies reported that despite having moderate-high specificity, SARC-F has low-moderate sensitivity to detect sarcopenia, which would cause a significant number of individuals having sarcopenia to be unrec...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 13, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Rehabilitation nutrition for individuals with frailty, disability, sarcopenic dysphagia, or sarcopenic respiratory disability
We describe the recent advances in rehabilitation nutrition, which is especially important for disabled or frail older individuals. Recent findings Recent evidence pertaining to rehabilitation nutrition conducted in rehabilitation wards and acute care hospitals has been accumulating. The combination of rehabilitation nutrition and rehabilitation pharmacotherapy is important for eliciting higher functions. The 2020 update of the clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation nutrition provides a weak recommendation for enhanced nutritional care for patients with cerebrovascular disease, hip fracture, cancer, or acut...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 13, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Nutrition senolytics - illusion or reality for cognitive ageing?
Purpose of review Cell senescence is implicated in numerous age-related conditions. Antiageing therapies and nutritional approaches have been researched for purposes of removing senescent cells (senolytics) to treat or prevent age-related diseases, such as cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. In this updated review, we examined the evidence from the last 18 months regarding nutrition senolytics, with a focus on cognitive ageing among older adults. Recent findings Overall, 19 systematic reviews and 17 intervention studies were included. Studies failed to provide evidence of nutritional senolytic agents o...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 13, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

The fatter, the better in old age: the current understanding of a difficult relationship
Purpose of review Obesity has shown a protective effect on mortality in older adults, also known as the obesity paradox, but there are still controversies about this relationship. Recent findings Recent studies have shown a J or U-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality, wherein an optimal range is described between 22 and 37 kg/m2 depending on the condition. Many mechanisms can explain this protective effect of higher BMI, fat/muscle mass storage, more aggressive treatment in obese individuals, loss of bone mineral content and selection bias. However, BMI must be used with caution due to its limitations...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 13, 2021 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research