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Do Patients with Retinal Artery Occlusion Need Urgent Neurological Evaluation?
Whether patients with central (CRAO) or branch (BRAO) retinal artery occlusion should undergo urgently a detailed neurological workup for ischemic stroke is controversial. In a survey1 of physicians in the United States, among those who responded, 35% of ophthalmologists but 73% to 86% of neurologists and neuro-ophthalmologists sent their patients with acute CRAO for immediate neurological workup. An anonymous survey of members of the American Academy of Neurology Stroke Section and vitreoretinal specialists of the American Academy of Ophthalmology showed that 75% neurologists pursue a hospital-based evaluation within 12 h...
Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology - August 13, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Sohan Singh Hayreh Tags: Perspective Source Type: research

Docosanoids and elovanoids from omega-3 fatty acids are pro-homeostatic modulators of inflammatory responses, cell damage and neuroprotection
We present an overview of how a) NPD1 selectively mediates preconditioning rescue of RPE and PR cells; b) NPD1 restores aberrant neuronal networks in experimental epileptogenesis; c) the decreased ability to biosynthesize NPD1 in memory hippocampal areas of early stages of Alzheimer's disease takes place; d) NPD1 protection of dopaminergic circuits in an in vitro model using neurotoxins; and e) bioactivity elicited by DHA and NPD1 activate a neuroprotective gene-expression program that includes the expression of Bcl-2 family members affected by Aβ42, DHA, or NPD1. In addition, we highlight ELOVL4 (ELOngation of Very Long ...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - October 5, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research

Serum Beta Carotene and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that higher beta carotene biochemical status is associated with lower overall, cardiovascular disease, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and other causes of mortality. The dose-response associations over a 30-year period were not attenuated by adjustment for other important risk factors and support greater fruit and vegetable consumption as a means to increase beta carotene status and promote longevity. PMID: 30566060 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Circulation Research - December 7, 2018 Category: Cardiology Authors: Huang J, Weinstein SJ, Yu K, Männistö S, Albanes D Tags: Circ Res Source Type: research

Mitochondrial Disorder: Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness.
Authors: Tsang SH, Aycinena ARP, Sharma T Abstract Patients with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) have insulin-dependent diabetes with relatively low BMI; usually the onset of the diabetes is during the third or fourth decade of life and it is associated with progressive neurosensory deafness. The fundus shows circumferentially oriented but discontinuous patches of RPE and choriocapillaris (CC) atrophy around the macula, within the arcades (Figs. 31.1 and 31.2). Sometimes even hyperpigmentation can be seen, also around the optic nerve, or pattern-like dystrophy may occur. Vision is usually good, ab...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - December 25, 2018 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Central retinal artery occlusion – a new, provisional treatment approach
The retinal ganglion cells infarcted in central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) are the somata of the optic nerve axons, part of the central nervous system. Consequently, CRAO with inner retinal infarction is a small vessel stroke, usually with the devastating consequence of severe visual loss in the affected eye. At present, there is no generally accepted, evidence-based therapy of non-arteritic CRAO in contrast to ischemic cerebral stroke that has well accepted treatment protocols. Widely divergent and controversial therapeutic options for CRAO reflect the desperation of treating physicians and disparate conflicting studies.
Source: Survey of Ophthalmology - January 29, 2019 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Argyrios Chronopoulos, James S. Schutz Tags: Major review Source Type: research

Central retinal artery occlusion —A new, provisional treatment approach
The retinal ganglion cells infarcted in central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) are the somata of the optic nerve axons, part of the central nervous system. Consequently, CRAO with inner retinal infarction is a small vessel stroke, usually with the devastating consequence of severe visual loss in the affected eye. At present, there is no generally accepted, evidence-based therapy of nonarteritic CRAO in contrast to ischemic cerebral stroke that has well-accepted treatment protocols. Widely divergent and controversial therapeutic options for CRAO reflect the desperation of treating physicians and disparate conflicting studies.
Source: Survey of Ophthalmology - January 28, 2019 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Argyrios Chronopoulos, James S. Schutz Tags: Major review Source Type: research

What Causes Facial Nerve Palsy?
Discussion Facial nerve palsy has been known for centuries, but in 1821 unilateral facial nerve paralysis was described by Sir Charles Bell. Bell’s palsy (BP) is a unilateral, acute facial paralysis that is clinically diagnosed after other etiologies have been excluded by appropriate history, physical examination and/or laboratory testing or imaging. Symptoms include abnormal movement of facial nerve. It can be associated with changes in facial sensation, hearing, taste or excessive tearing. The right and left sides are equally affected but bilateral BP is rare (0.3%). Paralysis can be complete or incomplete at prese...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - June 3, 2019 Category: Pediatrics Authors: pediatriceducationmin Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Conclusions: OSA is associated with many diseases seen in neuro-ophthalmology clinics. More studies are required to assess the real ability of CPAP to reverse pathological changes. Ophthalmologists can screen for undiagnosed OSA in patients presenting with certain eye diseases.
Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology - August 30, 2019 Category: Opthalmology Tags: State-of-the-Art Review Source Type: research

CD4+ T Cell Responses Mediate Progressive Neurodegeneration in Experimental Ischemic Retinopathy.
Abstract Retinal ischemic events as a result of occlusion of the ocular vasculature share similar etiologies of central nervous system (CNS) stroke and are among the most common cause of acute and irreversible vision loss in elderly patients. Currently, there is no established treatment, and the condition often leaves patients with seriously impaired vision or blindness. The immune system, particularly T cell-mediated responses, is thought to be intricately involved, but their exact roles remain elusive. Here we showed that acute ischemia/reperfusion injury to the retina induced a prolonged phase of retinal gangli...
Source: The American Journal of Pathology - May 6, 2020 Category: Pathology Authors: Khanh Vu TH, Chen H, Pan L, Cho KS, Doesburg D, Thee EF, Wu N, Arlotti E, Jager MJ, Chen DF Tags: Am J Pathol Source Type: research

Standard Diffusion-weighted MRI for the Diagnosis of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
ConclusionsRetinal diffusion restrictions were present in a  majority of CRAO patients and detectable with reasonable sensitivity, high specificity and substantial inter-rater reliability. Further studies are necessary to study time dependency of retinal diffusion restrictions, improve image quality and investigate the reliability of retinal DWI to discern CRAO from other causes of acute loss of vision.
Source: Klinische Neuroradiologie - September 15, 2020 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Role Of Glp-1 Analogs In The Management Of Diabetes And Its Secondary Complication
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2021 Apr 21. doi: 10.2174/1389557521666210422114909. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) include myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease and, stroke and retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy are microvascular complications. While the newer therapies like glitazones or even dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors increase the risk of therapy, the Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs), were reported as suitable alternates. The GLP-1RAs reduce the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), have anti...
Source: Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry - April 23, 2021 Category: Chemistry Authors: Ponnurengam Malliappan Sivakumar B Premkumar Prabhawathi Veluchamy Pranav Kumar Prabhakar Source Type: research