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Total 371 results found since Jan 2013.

Influenza virus infection induces translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in A549 cells: role of AIF in apoptosis and viral propagation
AbstractIt is recognized that influenza virus induces caspase-dependent apoptosis by activating caspase-3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a caspase-independent cell death effector, and its mitochondrial-nuclear translocation plays an important role in apoptosis. It is demonstrated in this study how influenza virus infection can induce caspase-independent apoptosis in the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549. AIF is translocated from the mitochondria to the nucleus in a caspase-independent manner in response to infection with influenza virus. Knockdown of AIF expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) led to a redu...
Source: Archives of Virology - February 28, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 9, Pages 5: Mx Is Not Responsible for the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-α against Japanese Encephalitis Virus
In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of Mx1 and Mx2 expression on the interferon- α (IFNα) restriction of JEV replication. To evaluate whether the inhibitory activity of IFNα on JEV is dependent on Mx1 or Mx2, we knocked down Mx1 or Mx2 with siRNA in IFNα-treated PK-15 cells and BHK-21 cells, then challenged them with JEV; the production of progeny virus was assessed by plaqu e assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that depletion of Mx1 or Mx2 did not affect JEV restriction imposed by IFNα, although these two proteins were knocked down 66% and 79%, respectively. Accordingly, ex...
Source: Viruses - January 9, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Jing Zhou Shi-Qi Wang Jian-Chao Wei Xiao-Min Zhang Zhi-Can Gao Ke Liu Zhi-Yong Ma Pu-Yan Chen Bin Zhou Tags: Article Source Type: research

Nervous necrosis virus capsid protein exploits nucleolar phosphoprotein Nucleophosmin (B23) function for viral replication.
In this study, an interaction between nervous necrosis virus capsid protein and nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 was identified using in vitro experimental approaches. The capsid protein binds to B23 early during the viral infection and accumulates in the nucleus, particularly in the nucleolus. However, over the course of the infection B23 is redistributed from the nucleoli to the nucleoplasm. siRNA-mediated knockdown of B23 reduced viral replication and cytopathic effect. Thus, B23 targets capsid protein to the nucleus and facilitates NNV replication. The results provide the first demonstration that nucleolar protein B23 has ...
Source: Virus Research - December 25, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Mai W, Huang F, Chen H, Zhou Y, Chen Y Tags: Virus Res Source Type: research

Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) plays a role in the replication of West Nile virus.
Abstract Valosin-containing protein (VCP) is classified as a member of the type II AAA(+) ATPase protein family. VCP functions in several cellular processes, including protein degradation, membrane fusion, vesicular trafficking and disassembly of stress granules. Moreover, VCP is considered to play a role in the replication of several viruses, albeit through different mechanisms. In the present study, we have investigated the role of VCP in West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Endogenous VCP expression was inhibited using either VCP inhibitors or by siRNA knockdown. It could be shown that the inhibition of endogenous ...
Source: Virus Research - November 29, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Phongphaew W, Kobayashi S, Sasaki M, Carr M, Hall WW, Orba Y, Sawa H Tags: Virus Res Source Type: research

Identification of proximal biomarkers of PKC agonism and evaluation of their role in HIV reactivation
Conclusion Overall, our results offer new insights into the mechanism of action of PKC agonists, biomarkers of pathway engagement, and the potential role of EGR family in HIV reactivation.
Source: Antiviral Therapy - November 23, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research

Identification of proximal biomarkers of PKC agonism and evaluation of their role in HIV reactivation.
CONCLUSION: Overall, our results offer new insights into the mechanism of action of PKC agonists, biomarkers of pathway engagement, and the potential role of EGR family in HIV reactivation. PMID: 27889530 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Antiviral Research - November 22, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Vemula SV, Maxwell JW, Nefedov A, Wan BL, Steve J, Newhard W, Sanchez RI, Tellers D, Barnard RJ, Blair W, Hazuda D, Webber AL, Howell BJ Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: research

Modelling Ebola virus dynamics: Implications for therapy
Publication date: Available online 12 October 2016 Source:Antiviral Research Author(s): Alexey Martyushev, Shinji Nakaoka, Kei Sato, Takeshi Noda, Shingo Iwami Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe, often fatal Ebola virus disease (EVD), for which no approved antivirals exist. Recently, some promising anti-EBOV drugs, which are experimentally potent in animal models, have been developed. However, because the quantitative dynamics of EBOV replication in humans is uncertain, it remains unclear how much antiviral suppression of viral replication affects EVD outcome in patients. Here, we developed a novel mathematical model to q...
Source: Antiviral Therapy - October 12, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research

Modelling Ebola virus dynamics: Implications for therapy.
Abstract Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe, often fatal Ebola virus disease (EVD), for which no approved antivirals exist. Recently, some promising anti-EBOV drugs, which are experimentally potent in animal models, have been developed. However, because the quantitative dynamics of EBOV replication in humans is uncertain, it remains unclear how much antiviral suppression of viral replication affects EVD outcome in patients. Here, we developed a novel mathematical model to quantitatively analyse human viral load data obtained during the 2000/01 Uganda EBOV outbreak and evaluated the effects of different antivirals....
Source: Antiviral Research - October 11, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Martyushev A, Nakaoka S, Sato K, Noda T, Iwami S Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: research

Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated signaling through TLR4 mediates persistent HIV infection of primary macrophages.
Abstract Periodontal infections contribute to HIV-associated co-morbidities in the oral cavity and provide a model to interrogate the dysregulation of macrophage function, inflammatory disease progression, and HIV replication during co-infections. We investigated the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis on the establishment of HIV infection in monocyte-derived macrophages. HIV replication in macrophages was significantly repressed in the presence of P. gingivalis. This diminished viral replication was due partly to a decrease in the expression of integrated HIV provirus. HIV repression depended upon signaling throug...
Source: Virology - September 14, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Agosto LM, Hirnet JB, Michaels DH, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB, Gibson FC, Viglianti G, Henderson AJ Tags: Virology Source Type: research

In  vitro inhibition of African swine fever virus-topoisomerase II disrupts viral replication
Publication date: October 2016 Source:Antiviral Research, Volume 134 Author(s): Ferdinando B. Freitas, Gonçalo Frouco, Carlos Martins, Alexandre Leitão, Fernando Ferreira African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a highly-contagious and fatal disease of domestic pigs, leading to serious socio-economic impact in affected countries. To date, neither a vaccine nor a selective anti-viral drug are available for prevention or treatment of African swine fever (ASF), emphasizing the need for more detailed studies at the role of ASFV proteins involved in viral DNA replication and transcription. Notably, ASFV e...
Source: Antiviral Therapy - September 1, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research

In vitro inhibition of African swine fever virus-topoisomerase II disrupts viral replication
Publication date: Available online 26 August 2016 Source:Antiviral Research Author(s): Ferdinando B. Freitas, Gonçalo Frouco, Carlos Martins, Alexandre Leitão, Fernando Ferreira African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a highly-contagious and fatal disease of domestic pigs, leading to serious socio-economic impact in affected countries. To date, neither a vaccine nor a selective anti-viral drug are available for prevention or treatment of African swine fever (ASF), emphasizing the need for more detailed studies at the role of ASFV proteins involved in viral DNA replication and transcription. Notably,...
Source: Antiviral Therapy - August 25, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research

In vitro inhibition of African swine fever virus-topoisomerase II disrupts viral replication.
Abstract African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a highly-contagious and fatal disease of domestic pigs, leading to serious socio-economic impact in affected countries. To date, neither a vaccine nor a selective anti-viral drug are available for prevention or treatment of African swine fever (ASF), emphasizing the need for more detailed studies at the role of ASFV proteins involved in viral DNA replication and transcription. Notably, ASFV encodes for a functional type II topoisomerase (ASFV-Topo II) and we recently showed that several fluoroquinolones (bacterial DNA topoisomerase inhibitors) f...
Source: Antiviral Research - August 24, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Freitas FB, Frouco G, Martins C, Leitão A, Ferreira F Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: research

Heat shock protein 90 is essential for replication of porcine circovirus type 2 in PK-15 cells.
In this study, we firstly found that inhibition of Hsp90 by pretreatment of host cells with 17-AAG, a specific inhibitor of Hsp90, or blocking Hsp90α/Hsp90β with siRNA, resulted in significantly reduced viral replication in PK-15 cells. But inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG did not affect PCV2 entry into the host cells. Meanwhile, over-expression of Hsp90α/Hsp90β enhanced PCV2 genome replication and virion production. In addition, Hsp90β was enriched in the nuclear zone in the cells infected with PCV2. But it did not interact with the viral Cap/Rep proteins. It suggested that Hsp90 is required for PCV2 production in PK-15...
Source: Virus Research - August 19, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Liu J, Zhang X, Ma C, You J, Dong M, Yun S, Jiang P Tags: Virus Res Source Type: research

Alfalfa dwarf cytorhabdovirus P protein is a local and systemic RNA silencing supressor which inhibits programmed RISC activity and prevents transitive amplification of RNA silencing.
In this study, we show that the phosphoprotein (P) encoded by the negative-sense RNA virus alfalfa dwarf virus (ADV), a species of the genus Cytorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae, is a suppressor of RNA silencing. ADV P has a relatively weak local RSS activity, and does not prevent siRNA accumulation. On the other hand, ADV P strongly suppresses systemic RNA silencing, but does not interfere with the short-distance spread of silencing, which is consistent with its lack of inhibition of siRNA accumulation. The mechanism of suppression appears to involve ADV P binding to RNA-induced silencing complex proteins AGO1 and AGO4 a...
Source: Virus Research - August 15, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Bejerman N, Mann KS, Dietzgen RG Tags: Virus Res Source Type: research

Inhibition of influenza A virus matrix and nonstructural gene expression using RNA interference.
Abstract Influenza antiviral drugs that use protein inhibitors can lose their efficacy as resistant strains emerge. As an alternative strategy, we investigated the use of small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) by characterizing three siRNAs (M747, M776 and M832) targeting the influenza matrix 2 gene and three (NS570, NS595 and NS615) targeting the nonstructural protein 1 and 2 genes. We also re-examined two previously reported siRNAs, M331 and M950, which target the matrix 1 and 2 genes. Treatment with M331-, M776-, M832-, and M950-siRNAs attenuated influenza titer. M776-siRNA treated cells had 29.8% less infect...
Source: Virology - July 26, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: McMillen CM, Beezhold DH, Blachere FM, Othumpangat S, Kashon ML, Noti JD Tags: Virology Source Type: research