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Total 371 results found since Jan 2013.

The parapoxvirus Orf virus inhibits IFN- β expression induced by dsRNA
Virus Res. 2021 Nov 3:198619. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198619. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTOrf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. Type I interferons (IFN) are critical in the host defence against viruses. They induce hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) many of which have an antiviral role. The ability of ORFV to modulate type I IFN production was undertaken to investigate whether ORFV could inhibit IFN-β expression via dsRNA dependant signalling pathways. HEK293 cells are known to lack DNA pattern-recognition receptors and Toll-like receptors ...
Source: Virus Research - November 7, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Basheer A AlDaif Andrew A Mercer Stephen B Fleming Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 2030: Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Replication by a Small Interfering RNA Targeting the Leader Sequence
Drosten Jens Kurreck Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected almost 200 million people worldwide and led to approximately 4 million deaths as of August 2021. Despite successful vaccine development, treatment options are limited. A promising strategy to specifically target viral infections is to suppress viral replication through RNA interference (RNAi). Hence, we designed eight small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the highly conserved 5’-untranslated region (5’-UTR) of SARS-CoV-2. The most promising candidate identified in initial reporter assays, termed siCoV6, targets the ...
Source: Viruses - October 8, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Beatrice Tolksdorf Chuanxiong Nie Daniela Niemeyer Viola R öhrs Johanna Berg Daniel Lauster Julia M. Adler Rainer Haag Jakob Trimpert Benedikt Kaufer Christian Drosten Jens Kurreck Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 1593: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Derived Small RNAs and Changes in Circulating Small RNAs Associated with COVID-19
kus Kuhlmann Cleavage of double-stranded RNA is described as an evolutionary conserved host defense mechanism against viral infection. Small RNAs are the product and triggers of post transcriptional gene silencing events. Up until now, the relevance of this mechanism for SARS-CoV-2-directed immune responses remains elusive. Herein, we used high throughput sequencing to profile the plasma of active and convalescent COVID-19 patients for the presence of small circulating RNAs. The existence of SARS-CoV-2 derived small RNAs in plasma samples of mild and severe COVID-19 cases is described. Clusters of high siRNA abundance ...
Source: Viruses - August 11, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Claudius Grehl Christoph Schulthei ß Katrin Hoffmann Mascha Binder Thomas Altmann Ivo Grosse Markus Kuhlmann Tags: Brief Report Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 1591: Regulation of RNA Interference Pathways in the Insect Vector Laodelphax striatellus by Viral Proteins of Rice Stripe Virus
In this study, we explored the interaction between rice stripe virus (RSV) and the miRNA and siRNA pathways of the small brown planthopper, which is a vector insect. The transcript and protein levels of key genes in the two RNAi pathways did not change during the RSV infection process. When the expression of insect Ago1, Ago2, or Translin was silenced by the injection of double-stranded RNAs targeting these genes, viral replication was promoted with Ago2 silencing but inhibited with Translin silencing. Protein-protein binding assays showed that viral NS2 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase interacted with insect Ago2 and Tran...
Source: Viruses - August 11, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Yan Xiao Qiong Li Wei Wang Yumei Fu Feng Cui Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 1533: Inhibitors of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Identified Based on Host Interaction Partners of Viral Non-Structural Protein 3
In this study, we utilized an overexpression construct encoding HA-tagged nsP3 to identify host proteins that interact with VEEV nsP3 by mass spectrometry. Bioinformatic analyses of the putative interactors identified 42 small molecules with the potential to inhibit the host interaction targets, and thus potentially inhibit VEEV. Three inhibitors, tomatidine, citalopram HBr, and Z-VEID-FMK, reduced replication of both the TC-83 strain and the Trinidad donkey (TrD) strain of VEEV by at least 10-fold in astrocytoma, astroglial, and microglial cells. Further, these inhibitors reduced replication of the related New World (NW) ...
Source: Viruses - August 3, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Allison Bakovic Nishank Bhalla Farhang Alem Catherine Campbell Weidong Zhou Aarthi Narayanan Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 1353: Chk1 and the Host Cell DNA Damage Response as a Potential Antiviral Target in BK Polyomavirus Infection
omas D. Friedrich The human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is latent in the kidneys of most adults, but can be reactivated in immunosuppressed states, such as following renal transplantation. If left unchecked, BK polyomavirus nephropathy (PyVAN) and possible graft loss may result from viral destruction of tubular epithelial cells and interstitial fibrosis. When coupled with regular post-transplant screening, immunosuppression reduction has been effective in limiting BKPyV viremia and the development of PyVAN. Antiviral drugs that are safe and effective in combating BKPyV have not been identified but would be a benefit in com...
Source: Viruses - July 13, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Lydia E. Hainley Martina S. Hughson Amithi Narendran Ralph Smith Justin Arthur Alida Hayner-Buchan David J. Conti John M. Lehman Thomas D. Friedrich Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 1334: Binding of Nanoparticles Harboring Recombinant Large Surface Protein of Hepatitis B Virus to Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1
Conclusions: SR-B1 can function as a receptor for binding and endocytosis of BNCs in HEK293T cells. Being expressed various types of cells, it is suggested that functions as a receptor for BNCs not only in HEK293T cells but also in other types of cells.
Source: Viruses - July 10, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Shuji Hinuma Kazuyo Fujita Shun ’ichi Kuroda Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 1223: TASPERT: Target-Specific Reverse Transcript Pools to Improve HTS Plant Virus Diagnostics
F Cardwell High-throughput sequencing (HTS) is becoming the new norm of diagnostics in plant quarantine settings. HTS can be used to detect, in theory, all pathogens present in any given sample. The technique’s success depends on various factors, including methods for sample management/preparation and suitable bioinformatic analysis. The Limit of Detection (LoD) of HTS for plant diagnostic tests can be higher than that of PCR, increasing the risk of false negatives in the case of low titer of the target pathogen. Several solutions have been suggested, particularly for RNA viruses, including rRNA depletion of the hos...
Source: Viruses - June 24, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Andres S Espindola Daniela Sempertegui-Bayas Danny F Bravo-Padilla Viviana Freire-Zapata Francisco Ochoa-Corona Kitty F Cardwell Tags: Article Source Type: research

Thymidylate synthase is essential for efficient HIV-1 replication in macrophages
Virology. 2021 Jun 14;561:47-57. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.002. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis. A study performed by our group on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with HIV-1 showed that many enzymes related to the folate cycle pathway, such as TS, are upregulated in productively infected cells. Here, we suggest that TS is essential for an effective HIV-1 infection in MDMs. Indeed, a TS specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) as well as the TS specific inhibitor Raltitrexed (RTX) caused a reduction in productively infected cells. Quantit...
Source: Virology - June 19, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Vincent Desrosiers Corinne Barat Yann Breton Michel Ouellet Michel J Tremblay Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 1066: An Aedes Aegypti-Derived Ago2 Knockout Cell Line to Investigate Arbovirus Infections
l Esther Schnettler Mosquitoes are known as important vectors of many arthropod-borne (arbo)viruses causing disease in humans. These include dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses. The exogenous small interfering (si)RNA (exo-siRNA) pathway is believed to be the main antiviral defense in arthropods, including mosquitoes. During infection, double-stranded RNAs that form during viral replication and infection are cleaved by the enzyme Dicer 2 (Dcr2) into virus-specific 21 nt vsiRNAs, which are subsequently loaded into Argonaute 2 (Ago2). Ago2 then targets and subsequently cleaves complementary RNA sequences, resulting i...
Source: Viruses - June 3, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Christina Scherer Jack Knowles Vattipally B. Sreenu Anthony C. Fredericks Janina Fuss Kevin Maringer Ana Fernandez-Sesma Andres Merits Margus Varjak Alain Kohl Esther Schnettler Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 881: Rabies Prophylactic and Treatment Options: An In Vitro Study of siRNA- and Aptamer-Based Therapeutics
This study serves as a proof-of-concept to potentially use aptamers and siRNAs as rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) replacements or therapeutic options for RABV and provides strong evidence towards their further investigation.
Source: Viruses - May 11, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Terence Peter Scott Louis Hendrik Nel Tags: Article Source Type: research