Dynamic localization of α-tubulin acetyltransferase ATAT1 through the cell cycle in human fibroblastic KD cells
AbstractAcetylation of α-tubulin is a well-studied posttranscriptional modification, which is mostly catalyzed by α-tubulinN-acetyltransferase (ATAT1). ATAT1 possibly affects various cellular functions related with microtubules, such as intracellular transport, cell motility, cilia formation, and neuronal signaling. Here, we analyzed the subcellular localization of immunolabeled ATAT1 in human fibroblast KD cells through the cell cycle using confocal laser scanning microscopy. ATAT1 dramatically changed its localization through the cell cycle, depending on the mitotic phase. In interphase, immunolabeled ATAT1 was observe...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - June 5, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
H + -ATPase blockade reduced renal gluconeogenesis and plasma glucose in a diabetic rat model
AbstractVacuolar H+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) plays important roles in urinary acid excretion, vesicular acidification to activate enzymes, and the membrane recycling of transporters in the kidney. As acidosis stimulates renal gluconeogenesis, we investigated the effect of blockade of H+-ATPase on renal gluconeogenesis in diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin, and a group of DM rats was treated with bafilomycin B1 intraperitoneally for 8 days. In diabetic rats, the renal expression and activity of H+-ATPase were increased with elevated urinary ammonium excretion. The...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - June 1, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Methods for array tomography with correlative light and electron microscopy
AbstractThe three-dimensional ultra-structure is the comprehensive structure that cannot be observed from a two-dimensional electron micrograph. Array tomography is one method for three-dimensional electron microscopy. In this method, to obtain consecutive cross sections of tissue, connected consecutive sections of a resin block are mounted on a flat substrate, and these are observed with scanning electron microscopy. Although array tomography requires some bothersome manual procedures to prepare specimens, a recent study has introduced some techniques to ease specimen preparation. In addition, array tomography has some ad...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - May 31, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Decreased number and increased volume with mitochondrial enlargement of cerebellar synaptic terminals in a mouse model of chronic demyelination
AbstractImpaired nerve conduction, axonal degeneration, and synaptic alterations contribute to neurological disabilities in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Cerebellar dysfunction is associated with demyelinating disorders, but the alterations of axon terminals in cerebellar gray matter during chronic demyelination are still unclear. We analyzed the morphological and ultrastructural changes of climbing fiber terminals in a mouse model of hereditary chronic demyelination. Three-dimensional ultrastructural analyses using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and immunostaining for synaptic markers were performed...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - May 23, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Adenomatous ductal proliferation/hyperplasia in the parotid gland associated without any other pathological lesions; a report and survey of the literatures
AbstractAdenomatous ductal proliferation/hyperplasia (ADP/H) is a rare hyperplastic condition of the salivary gland. It is mostly associated with other salivary gland pathologies such as tumors and inflammations, and is incidentally found in tissue sections during histopathological examinations of those diseases. Herein, we report a case of ADP/H in the parotid gland not associated with any other pathological lesions, and present a review of the literature on this condition. A 60-year-old Japanese female complained of swelling on the left side of parotid region. Clinical examination revealed a swelling on the lower lobe of...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - May 15, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
BRI2 as an anti-Alzheimer gene
AbstractThere are several theories regarding the etiologies of Alzheimer disease (AD). Considering that all genes responsible for familial AD are amyloid protein precursor (APP) or APP metabolizing enzymes, surely aberrant APP metabolism is crucial to pathogenesis of AD. BRI2, a type II transmembrane protein, binds APP and inhibits all α, β, and γ pathways of APP proteolysis. Crossing AD model mice with BRI2 transgenic or BRI2 knockout mice confirmed that BRI2 is an anti-Alzheimer gene. Mutations of BRI2 are known to cause rare familial dementias in human. Analysis of knock-in mice harboring the disease mutation reveale...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - April 23, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Association between mutant IDHs and tumorigenesis in gliomas
AbstractTo become immortalized, cells need to maintain the telomere length via the activation of telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomere. Mutations inIDH1/2 are strongly associated with the early stage of gliomagenesis. Previous work has shown that the accumulation of 2-HG, which is induced by mutant IDH1/2, inhibits α-KG-dependent deoxygenase and leads to genome-wide histone and DNA methylation alterations. These alterations are believed to contribute to tumorigenesis. H-Ras can transform human astrocytes with the inactivation of p53/pRb and expression of hTERT; however, mutant IDH1 can also transform cells. M ...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - April 9, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Clinical application of photodynamic medicine technology using light-emitting fluorescence imaging based on a specialized luminous source
AbstractThe natural amino acid 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) precursor and a new-generation photosensitive substance that accumulates specifically in cancer cells. When indocyanine green (ICG) is irradiated with near-infrared (NIR) light, it shifts to a higher energy state and emits infrared light with a longer wavelength than the irradiated NIR light. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using ALA and ICG-based NIR fluorescence imaging has emerged as a new diagnostic technique. Specifically, in laparoscopic examinations for serosa-invading advanced gastric cancer, peritoneal metastases could be detecte...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - April 4, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Morphological and molecular characterization of the senile osteoporosis in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6)
AbstractAlthough the understanding of the complex pathogenesis for osteoporosis is appreciable, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully elucidated. There is a great need to further characterize the available animal models in osteoporosis research. The senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6) mice have been developed as the spontaneous experimental model for senile osteoporosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of current research regarding the bone morphological and molecular alterations and the possible mechanisms involved in these changes. There were significant decrease in trabecular bone mass at the axia...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - April 4, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Development and endoscopic appearance of colorectal tumors are characterized by the expression profiles of miRNAs
In this report, we focused on colorectal adenoma (tubular or tubulovillous adenoma), or tubular early carcinoma or type 2 adenocarcinoma, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), ulcerative colitis-associated tumor (UCAT), and sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P). We tried to clarify the relationship between the expression of the miRNAs and the colorectal tumor development. The expression levels of miR-143, -145, and -34a were reduced in most of the polypoid and FAP tumors compared with those in the flat elevated, UCAT, SSA/P ones. In type 2 adenocarcinomas, the expression profile of these miRNAs was similar to those of the...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - March 21, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Spatiotemporal coordination of cellular differentiation and tissue morphogenesis in organ of Corti development
AbstractThe organ of Corti, an acoustic sensory organ, is a specifically differentiated epithelium of the cochlear duct, which is a part of the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear. Cells in the organ of Corti are generally classified into two kinds; hair cells, which transduce the mechanical stimuli of sound to the cell membrane electrical potential differences, and supporting cells. These cells emerge from homogeneous prosensory epithelium through cell fate determination and differentiation. In the organ of Corti organogenesis, cell differentiation and the rearrangement of their position proceed in parallel, resulting i...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - March 13, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Novel Rest functions revealed by conditional gene ablation
AbstractRest is a regulator of neuronal development and has been suggested to function in maintaining the pluripotent state of embryonic stem cells (ESCs); however, this remains controversial. SinceRest null mice show embryonic lethality, we herein generated conditionalRest knockout (CKO) models to investigate Rest functions in more detail. Our results revealed that Rest was not necessary for maintaining the pluripotency of ESCs and instead promoted primitive endoderm differentiation. In contrast to the repressive role of Rest in vitro, including ESCs, neural stem cells, and fibroblasts, on the expression of target neural ...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - March 13, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Effect of systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis on gene expression in mice kidney
In conclusion, the responses noted in the kidney may have arisen mainly from the endothelial cells. Moreover, upregulation of the expression levels ofSaa3, Ticam2, Reg3b, Ocxt2a, andXcr1 may be associated with the pathogenesis of CKD. (Source: Medical Molecular Morphology)
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - January 31, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Hepatic stellate cells derived from the nestin-positive cells in septum transversum during rat liver development
AbstractHepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a principal role in Vitamin A metabolism and are considered the major matrix-producing cell type in the diseased liver. Rat HSCs are identified by immunohistochemistry with myogenic or mesenchymal (desmin, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin) or neural (e.g., GFAP or neuronal cell adhesion molecule) markers. Embryonic origin of rat HSCs was determined using these markers. Nestin, an intermediate filament protein originally identified in neuronal stem or progenitor cells, is widely used as a stem cell marker, including hepatic stem cells in adult rat livers. Additionally, nesti...
Source: Medical Molecular Morphology - January 29, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
