SP7: from Bone Development to Skeletal Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize the different roles of the transcription factor SP7 in regulating bone formation and remodeling, discuss current studies in investigating the causal relationship between SP7 mutations and human skeletal disease, and highlight potential therapeutic treatments that targeting SP7 and the gene networks that it controls.Recent FindingsCell-type and stage-specific functions of SP7 have been identified during bone formation and remodeling. Normal bone development regulated by SP7 is strongly associated with human bone health. Dysfunction of SP7 results in common ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - March 7, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Proceedings of the Post-Genome Analysis for Musculoskeletal Biology Workshop
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewHerein, we report on the proceedings of the workshop entitled “Post-Genome analysis for musculoskeletal biology” that was held in July of 2022 in Safed, Galilee, Israel. Supported by the Israel Science Foundation, the goal of this workshop was to bring together established investigators and their trainees who were interested in understanding the etiology of musculoskeletal disease, from Israel and from aro und the world.Recent FindingsPresentations at this workshop spanned the spectrum from basic science to clinical studies. A major emphasis of the discussion centered on genetic studies in ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - March 4, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis and Orthodontic Tooth Movement
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo review the role of the immune cells and their interaction with cells found in gingiva, periodontal ligament, and bone that leads to net bone loss in periodontitis or bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement.Recent FindingsPeriodontal disease is one of the most common oral diseases causing inflammation in the soft and hard tissues of the periodontium and is initiated by bacteria that induce a host response. Although the innate and adaptive immune response function cooperatively to prevent bacterial dissemination, they also play a major role in gingival inflammation and destruction of the c...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - March 2, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia: Clinical and Therapeutic Implications
This study aims to review diagnosis, potential complications, and clinical management in craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.Recent FindingsFibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare mosaic disorder in which normal bone and marrow are replaced with expansile fibro-osseous lesions. Disease presents along a broad spectrum and may be associated with extraskeletal features as part of McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). The craniofacial skeleton is one of the most commonly impacted areas in FD, and its functional and anatomical complexities create unique challenges for diagnosis and management.SummaryThis review summarizes current approaches to d...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 28, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Role of Tumor Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Macrophage Crosstalk in Cancer Progression
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize the recently published findings regarding the role of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor progression, macrophages in the tumor microenvironment, and crosstalk that exists between tumor cells and macrophages.Recent FindingsEMT is a crucial process in tumor progression. In association with EMT changes, macrophage infiltration of tumors occurs frequently. A large body of evidence demonstrates that various mechanisms of crosstalk exist between macrophages and tumor cells that have undergone EMT resulting in a vicious cycle that promotes tumor ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 27, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Impact of Cinacalcet and Etelcalcetide on Bone Mineral and Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients
AbstractPurposes of ReviewWith chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) and mineral and bone metabolism disease (MBD) almost inevitably develop and result in renal osteodystrophy and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Together with active vitamin D, calcimimetics are the main therapy for sHPT in CKD. This review provides an overview of the therapeutic effects of oral cinacalcet and intravenous etelcalcetide on CKD-MBD and vascular disease, with a focus on pediatric dialysis patients.Recent FindingsRandomized controlled trials in adults and children demonstrate efficient lowering of parathyr...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 27, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling in Craniomaxillofacial Osteocytes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThere is a growing appreciation within the scientific community that cells exhibit regional variation. Whether the variation is attributable to differences in embryonic origin or anatomical location and mechanical loading has not been elucidated; what is clear, however, is that adult cells carry positional information that ultimately affects their functions. The purpose of this review is to highlight the functions of osteocytes in the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) skeleton as opposed to elsewhere in the body, and in doing so gain mechanistic insights into genetic conditions and chemically-induced disea...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 21, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Using Finite Element Modeling in Bone Mechanoadaptation
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewBone adapts structure and material properties in response to its mechanical environment, a process called mechanoadpatation. For the past 50 years, finite element modeling has been used to investigate the relationships between bone geometry, material properties, and mechanical loading conditions. This review examines how we use finite element modeling in the context of bone mechanoadpatation.Recent FindingsFinite element models estimate complex mechanical stimuli at the tissue and cellular levels, help explain experimental results, and inform the design of loading protocols and prosthetics.Su...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 18, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Copy Number Variation and Osteoporosis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on copy number variations and susceptibility to osteoporosis.Recent FindingsOsteoporosis is highly influenced by genetic factors, including copy number variations (CNVs). The development and accessibility of whole genome sequencing methods has accelerated the study of CNVs and osteoporosis. Recent findings include mutations in novel genes and validation of previously known pathogenic CNVs in monogenic skeletal diseases. Identification of CNVs in genes previously associated with osteoporosis (e.g.RUNX2,COL1A2, andPLS3) has confirmed their im...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 16, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Genetics of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIntervertebral disc degeneration is a contributor to chronic back pain. While a part of the natural aging process, early or rapid intervertebral disc degeneration is highly heritable. In this review, we summarize recent progress towards unraveling the genetics associated with this degenerative process.Recent FindingsUse of large cohorts of patient data to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for intervertebral disc disease, and to lesser extent for aspects of this process, such as disc height, has resulted in a large increase in our understanding of the genetic etiology. Genetic correlati...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - January 21, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Update on the Role of Glucocorticoid Signaling in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Adipocytes During Aging
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) in the skeleton likely plays a variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles that are not yet fully understood. In elucidating the complex relationship between bone and BMAT, glucocorticoids (GCs) are positioned to play a key role, as they have been implicated in the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) between osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. The purpose of this review is to illuminate aspects of both endogenous and exogenous GC signaling, including the influence of GC receptors, in mechanisms of bone aging including relationshi...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 24, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Denosumab Discontinuation
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo review the pathophysiology, the clinical consequences as well as way of mitigating the effects of denosumab discontinuation.Recent FindingsTreatment with denosumab (DMAB) is reversible and upon discontinuation there is a rapid increase in bone turnover and a subsequent bone loss. During this phase of high bone turnover, an increased risk of fractures has been reported. Therefore, treatment with DMAB could be considered life-long. However, side-effects may prompt the need for discontinuation and moreover, treatment with DMAB may have increased BMD to levels where continuing treatment does not pro...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 24, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Energy Balance and Bone Health: a Nutrient Availability Perspective
AbstractPurpose of ReviewObesity is highly prevalent and is associated with bone fragility and fracture. The changing nutrient availability to bone in obesity is an important facet of bone health. The goal of this article is to summarize current knowledge on the effects of carbohydrate and dietary fat availability on bone, particularly in the context of other tissues.Recent FindingsThe skeleton is a primary site for fatty acid and glucose uptake. The trafficking of carbohydrates and fats into tissues changes with weight loss and periods of weight gain. Exercise acutely influences nutrient uptake into bone and may affect nu...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 21, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Clinical Assessments of Fracture Healing and Basic Science Correlates: Is There Room for Convergence?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize the clinical and basic science methods used to assess fracture healing and propose a framework to improve the translational possibilities.Recent FindingsMainstays of fracture healing assessment include clinical examination, various imaging modalities, and assessment of function. Pre-clinical studies have yielded insight into biomechanical progression as well as the genetic, molecular, and cellular processes of fracture healing. Efforts are emerging to identify early markers to predict impaired healing and possibly early intervention to alter these processe...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 19, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Osteoporosis and Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review focuses on the recent findings regarding bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) concerning bone health. We summarize the variations in BMAT in relation to age, sex, and skeletal sites, and provide an update on noninvasive imaging techniques to quantify human BMAT. Next, we discuss the role of BMAT in patients with osteoporosis and interventions that affect BMAT.Recent FindingsThere are wide individual variations with region-specific fluctuation and age- and gender-specific differences in BMAT content and composition. The Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) recommendations aim to standardize...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 19, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
