Periosteal Skeletal Stem and Progenitor Cells in Bone Regeneration
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe periosteum, the outer layer of bone, is a major source of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) for bone repair. Here, we discuss recent findings on the characterization, role, and regulation of periosteal SSPCs (pSSPCs) during bone regeneration.Recent FindingsSeveral markers have been described for pSSPCs but lack tissue specificity. In vivo lineage tracing and transcriptomic analyses have improved our understanding of pSSPC functions during bone regeneration. Bone injury activates pSSPCs that migrate, proliferate, and have the unique potential to form both bone and cartilage. The injury resp...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 13, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Musculoskeletal Deficits and Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiological Evidence and Biological Mechanisms
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCognitive impairment is associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. However, no critical appraisal of the literature on the relationship between musculoskeletal deficits and cognitive impairment, focusing on the epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms, has been published to date. Herein, we critically evaluate the literature published over the past 3 years, emphasizing interesting and important new findings, and provide an outline of future directions that will improve our understanding of the connections between the brain and the musculoskeletal system.Recent FindingsRecent l...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 29, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Impacts of COVID-19 on Musculoskeletal Health
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAlthough COVID-19 was originally characterized as a respiratory disease, recent findings have shown lingering side effects in those who have recovered, and much is still unknown about the long-term consequences of the illness. Thus, the potential of unearthing multi-system dysfunction is high, with current data revealing significant impacts on musculoskeletal health.Recent FindingsMultiple animal models of COVID-19 infection have revealed significant post-infection bone loss at several different skeletal sites. While how this loss occurred is unknown, this current review discusses the primary bone ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 20, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
MicroRNA and Diabetic Bone Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe incidence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia, which in the long-term damages the function of many organs including the eyes, the vasculature, the nervous system, and the kidneys, thereby imposing an important cause of morbidity for affected individuals. More recently, increased bone fragility was also noted in patients with diabetes. While patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have low bone mass and a 6-fold risk for hip fractures, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased bone mass, yet still display a 2-fold e...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 8, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Inflammasomes and the IL-1 Family in Bone Homeostasis and Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewInflammasomes are multimeric protein structures with crucial roles in host responses against infections and injuries. The importance of inflammasome activation goes beyond host defense as a dysregulated inflammasome and subsequent secretion of IL-1 family members is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, some of which also produce skeletal manifestations. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of inflammasome regulation and IL-1 family members in bone physiology and pathology and current therapeutics will be discussed.Recent Fin...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - May 14, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Vitamin D Regulation of Immune Function
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo review the mechanisms by which vitamin D and its metabolites regulate the immune system to facilitate the ability of the body to prevent and/or treat SARS-CoV2 and other respiratory infections and encourage further research into the role that vitamin D supplementation plays in preventing/treating such infections.Recent FindingsVitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV2 and other respiratory infections. Clinical trials in general demonstrate that correction of vitamin D deficiency reduces the risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death from SARS-CoV2 infection. T...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - May 4, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Sleep Disruption and Bone Health
AbstractPurpose of ReviewReview recent literature investigating the relationship between bone health and sleep/circadian disruptions (e.g., abnormal sleep duration, night shift work).Recent FindingsShort and long sleep are associated with low bone mineral density (BMD). Recent data from observational studies identified an increased risk of fracture in women with short sleep. Studies suggest that age, sex, weight change, and concurrent circadian misalignment may modify the effects of sleep restriction on bone metabolism. Interventional studies demonstrate alterations in bone metabolism and structure in response to circadian...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - April 30, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Osteoporosis Diagnosis, Management, and Referral Practice After Fragility Fractures
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this manuscript is to review the current diagnosis, management, and referral practices of patients with osteoporosis after a fragility fracture from the orthopedic surgeon ’s perspective.Recent FindingsEffective treatments are available for osteoporosis that significantly decrease the risk of additional fractures. Despite recommendations for improved post-fragility fracture osteoporosis management, the rate of diagnosis and treatment is still unacceptably low.SummaryPatients sustaining a low-energy fracture should be evaluated for osteoporosis with discussion of beginning pharmacol...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - April 20, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOsteocytes are the conductors of bone adaptation and remodelling. Buried inside the calcified matrix, they sense mechanical cues and signal osteoclasts in case of low activity, and osteoblasts when stresses are high. How do osteocytes detect mechanical stress? What physical signal do they perceive? Finite element analysis is a useful tool to address these questions as it allows calculating stresses, strains and fluid flow where they cannot be measured. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the capabilities and challenges of finite element models of bone, in particular the osteocytes and load-in...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - March 17, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Aberrant Bone Regulation in Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy dueto Gnas Inactivation: Mechanisms and Translational Implications
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review highlights the impact ofGnas inactivation on both bone remodeling and the development of heterotopic subcutaneous ossifications in Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Here we discuss recent advancements in understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the aberrant bone development in AHO as well as potential translational implications.Recent FindingsGnas inactivation can regulate the differentiation and function of not only osteoblasts but also osteoclasts and osteocytes. Investigations utilizing a mouse model of AHO generated by targeted disruption ofGnas have revealed that bo...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 28, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Impact of Diet on Bone and Fracture Risk in Diabetes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize the recently published scientific evidence on the effects of diet on diabetes and skeletal health.Recent FindingsThe impact of diet on overall health has been a growing topic of interest among researchers. An inappropriate eating habit is a relatively modified risk factor for diabetes in adults. Parallel with the significant increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus worldwide, many studies have shown the benefits of lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise for people with, or at risk of developing, diabetes. In the last years, accumulating...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 24, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Sfrp4 and the Biology of Cortical Bone
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPeriosteal apposition and endosteal remodeling regulate cortical bone expansion and thickness, both critical determinants of bone strength. Yet, the cellular characteristics and local or paracrine factors that regulate the periosteum and endosteum remain largely elusive. Here we discuss novel insights in cortical bone growth, expansion, and homeostasis, provided by the study ofSecretedFrizzledReceptorProtein 4 (Sfrp4), a decoy receptor for Wnt ligands.Recent FindingsSFRP4 loss-of function mutations cause Pyle disease, a rare skeletal disorder characterized by cortical bone thinning and increased fr...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 19, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Understanding the Transcriptomic Landscape to Drive New Innovations in Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine
This article reviews recent studies utilizing RNA-seq in the field of musculoskeletal regenerative medicine. It demonstrates how transcriptomic analysis can be used to provide insights that can aid in formulating a regenerative strategy. (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports)
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 14, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Pathophysiology of Demineralization, Part II: Enamel White Spots, Cavitated Caries, and Bone Infection
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCompare noninfectious (part I) to infectious (part II) demineralization of bones and teeth. Evaluate similarities and differences in the expression of hard tissue degradation for the two most common chronic demineralization diseases: osteoporosis and dental caries.Recent FindingsThe physiology of demineralization is similar for the sterile skeleton compared to the septic dentition. Superimposing the pathologic variable of infection reveals a unique pathophysiology for dental caries.SummaryMineralized tissues are compromised by microdamage, demineralization, and infection. Osseous tissues remodel (t...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 14, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Role of Vitamin K in CKD-MBD
We describe the mechanism of action of vitamin K, and its implication in cardiovascular disease, bone fractures, and inflammation to underline its protective role, especially in chronic kidney disease (CKD).Recent FindingsVitamin K acts as a coenzyme of y-glutamyl carboxylase, transforming undercarboxylated in carboxylated vitamin K-dependent proteins. Furthermore, through the binding of the nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptor, it activates the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in the maintenance of bone quality and bone remodeling. There are three main types of K vitamers: phylloquinone, menaquinones, ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 8, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
