Sex Differences in Cancer Cachexia
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCachexia, a feature of cancer and other chronic diseases, is marked by progressive weight loss and skeletal muscle wasting. This review aims to highlight the sex differences in manifestations of cancer cachexia in patients, rodent models, and our current understanding of the potential mechanisms accounting for these differences.Recent FindingsMale cancer patients generally have higher prevalence of cachexia, greater weight loss or muscle wasting, and worse outcomes compared with female cancer patients. Knowledge is increasing about sex differences in muscle fiber type and function, mitochondrial me...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 12, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
3D Analysis of Tooth Movement Using 3D Technology
AbstractPurpose of Review3D cone beam imaging (CBCT) has allowed clinicians to better understand the anatomical variations of cranial anatomy. One crucial aspect of this technology plays is the understanding of alveolar bone morphology and remodeling. Variations in cortical bone thickness between individuals have been reported. No published study has analyzed the relationship between cortical bone thickness and rate of tooth movement. The aim of this study is to begin answering the question: is there an association between rate of tooth movement and cortical bone thickness?Recent FindingsTwenty-three patients underwent ext...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 10, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Markers for Identification of Postnatal Skeletal Stem Cells In Vivo
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe adult skeleton contains stem cells involved in growth, homeostasis, and healing. Mesenchymal or skeletal stem cells are proposed to provide precursors to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, marrow adipocytes, and stromal cells. We review the evidence for existence and functionality of different skeletal stem cell pools, and the tools available for identifying or targeting these populations in mouse and human tissues.Recent FindingsLineage tracing and single cell-based techniques in mouse models indicate that multiple pools of stem cells exist in postnatal bone. These include growth plate stem cells, ste...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 9, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Effects of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on Bone Homeostasis and Regeneration
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe goals of this review are two folds: (1) to describe the recent understandings on the roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide- α (CGRP) in bone homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms of related neuronal regulation and (2) to propose innovative CGRP-modulated approaches for enhancing bone regeneration in challenging bone disorders.Recent FindingsCGRP is predominantly produced by the densely distributed sensory neuronal fibers in bone, declining with age. Under mechanical and biochemical stimulations, CGRP releases and exerts either physiological or pathophysiological roles. CGRP at physiolog...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 8, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Impact of Bone Fracture on Muscle Strength and Physical Performance —Narrative Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewLow muscle strength and poor physical performance are associated with high risk of fracture. Many studies assessed clinical and functional outcomes of fractures. Fewer studies analyzed the impact of fractures on muscle strength and physical performance.Recent FindingsVertebral fractures (especially multiple and severe ones) are associated with back pain, back-related disability, lower grip strength, lower strength of lower limbs, lower gait speed, and poor balance. Patients with hip fracture have slower gait and lower quadriceps strength. Non-vertebral fractures were associated with lower strength ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 8, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Gut Microbiome and Bone Strength
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOsteoporosis is commonly diagnosed through the clinical assessment of bone quantity using bone mineral density; however, the primary clinical concern is bone fragility. Bone fragility is determined by both bone quantity and bone quality. Over the past decade, the gut microbiome has emerged as a factor that can regulate diseases throughout the body. This review discusses how microbial organisms and their genetic products that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract influence bone quantity, bone quality, and bone strength.Recent FindingsRecent studies have shown that the gut microbiome regulates bone loss...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 8, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Do Bisphosphonates Alleviate Pain in Children? A Systematic Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe goal of this systematic review is to analyze the effectiveness of bisphosphonates (BPs) to treat bone pain in children and adolescents who have diseases with skeletal involvement.Recent FindingsWe included 24 studies (2 randomized controlled trials, 3 non-randomized controlled trials, 10 non-randomized open-label uncontrolled studies, 8 retrospective studies, and 1 study with design not specified). The majority of included studies assessed pain from a unidimensional approach, with pain intensity the most frequently evaluated dimension. Only 38% of studies used validated tools; visual analogue s...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - September 21, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Genetic Pleiotropy of Bone-Related Phenotypes: Insights from Osteoporosis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe summarize recent evidence on the shared genetics within and outside the musculoskeletal system (mostly related to bone density and osteoporosis).Recent FindingsOsteoporosis is determined by an interplay between multiple genetic and environmental factors. Significant progress has been made regarding its genetic background revealing a number of robustly validated loci and respective pathways. However, pleiotropic factors affecting bone and other tissues are not well understood.SummaryThe analytical methods proposed to test for potential associations between genetic variants and multiple phenotypes...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - September 7, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone-Targeting Systems to Systemically Deliver Therapeutics to Bone Fractures for Accelerated Healing
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCompared with the current standard of implanting bone anabolics for fracture repair, bone fracture-targeted anabolics would be more effective, less invasive, and less toxic and would allow for control over what phase of fracture healing is being affected. We therefore sought to identify the optimal bone-targeting molecule to allow for systemic administration of therapeutics to bone fractures.Recent FindingsWe found that many bone-targeting molecules exist, but most have been developed for the treatment of bone cancers, osteomyelitis, or osteoporosis. There are a few examples of bone-targeting ligan...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 28, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone-Specific Drug Delivery for Osteoporosis and Rare Skeletal Disorders
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe skeletal system provides an important role to support body structure and protect organs. The complexity of its architecture and components makes it challenging to deliver the right amount of the drug into bone regions, particularly avascular cartilage lesions. In this review, we describe the recent advance of bone-targeting methods using bisphosphonates, polymeric oligopeptides, and nanoparticles on osteoporosis and rare skeletal diseases.Recent FindingsHydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is a primary matrix of bone mineral that includes a high concentrati...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 25, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Assessment, Quantification, and Management of Fracture Pain: from Animals to the Clinic
AbstractPurpose of ReviewFractures are painful and disabling injuries that can occur due to trauma, especially when compounded with pathologic conditions, such as osteoporosis in older adults. It is well documented that acute pain management plays an integral role in the treatment of orthopedic patients. There is no current therapy available to completely control post-fracture pain that does not interfere with bone healing or have major adverse effects. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of pain behaviors post-fracture.Recent FindingsWe review animal models of bone fracture and the assays that...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 21, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Osteocyte Cellular Senescence
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSenescent cells are now known to accumulate in multiple tissues with aging and through their inflammation (the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SASP) contribute to aging and chronic diseases. Here, we review the roles of senescent osteocytes in the context of bone loss.Recent FindingsNumerous studies have established that senescent osteocytes accumulate in the bone microenvironment with aging in mice and in humans. Moreover, at least in mice, elimination of senescent cells results in attenuation of age-related bone loss. Osteocyte senescence also occurs in response to other cellular stres...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 12, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Epigenetic Regulators of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Lineage Determination
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAlthough many signalling pathways have been discovered to be essential in mesenchymal stem/stromal (MSC) differentiation, it has become increasingly clear in recent years that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is a vital component of lineage determination, encompassing diet, lifestyle and parental influences on bone, fat and cartilage development.Recent FindingsThis review discusses how specific enzymes that modify histone methylation and acetylation or DNA methylation orchestrate the differentiation programs in lineage determination of MSC and the epigenetic changes that facilitate devel...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 12, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
New and Old Osteocytic Cell Lines and 3D Models
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe aim of this review was to compile a list of tools currently available to study bone cells and in particular osteocytes. As the interest (and importance) in osteocyte biology has greatly expanded over the past decade, new tools and techniques have become available to study these elusive cells,Recent FindingsOsteocytes are the main orchestrators of bone remodeling. They control both osteoblasts and osteoclast activities via cell-to cell communication or through secreted factors. Osteocytes are also the mechanosensors of the bone and they orchestrate skeletal adaptation to loads. Recent discoverie...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 12, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
How to Include Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Clinical Trials
This article outlines how we can incorporate patient-reported outcome measures in clinical trials. (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports)
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 4, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
