Relationship of Aging, Inflammation, and Skeletal Stem Cells and Their Effects on Fracture Repair
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review summarizes recent investigations into the cellular and molecular effects of skeletal aging on the inflammatory response and stem cell function after fracture.Recent FindingsProper regulation of the inflammatory phase of fracture healing is essential. Aging is associated with chronic inflammation, which inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption. Osteogenic differentiation and anti-senescence pathways in skeletal stem cells are impaired in geriatric fractures.SummaryAs the population ages, fragility fractures will continue to represent a significant clinical problem, which will...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - September 21, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Role of the Gut Microbiome in Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review aims to summarize the recent findings about the contribution of the gut microbiome to muscle pathophysiology and discuss molecular pathways that may be involved in such process. Related findings in the context of cancer cachexia are outlined.Recent FindingsMany bacterial metabolites have been reported to exert a beneficial or detrimental impact on muscle physiology. Most of the evidence concentrates on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), with an emerging role for bile acids, bacterial amino acid metabolites (bAAms), and bacterial polyphenol metabolites. Other molecular players worth consid...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - September 19, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone-Muscle Crosstalk: Musculoskeletal Complications of Chemotherapy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewChemotherapy drugs combat tumor cells and reduce metastasis. However, a significant side effect of some chemotherapy strategies is loss of skeletal muscle and bone. In cancer patients, maintenance of lean tissue is a positive prognostic indicator of outcomes and helps to minimize the toxicity associated with chemotherapy. Bone-muscle crosstalk plays an important role in the function of the musculoskeletal system and this review will focus on recent findings in preclinical and clinical studies that shed light on chemotherapy-induced bone-muscle crosstalk.Recent FindingsChemotherapy-induced loss of b...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - September 10, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Pathways Controlling Formation and Maintenance of the Osteocyte Dendrite Network
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in osteocyte dendrite formation, summarize the similarities between osteocytic and neuronal projections, and highlight the importance of osteocyte dendrite maintenance in human skeletal disease.Recent FindingsIt is suggested that there is a causal relationship between the loss of osteocyte dendrites and the increased osteocyte apoptosis during conditions including aging, microdamage, and skeletal disease. A few mechanisms are proposed to control dendrite formation and outgrowth, such as via the regulation of actin polymeriza...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - September 10, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
A Review of CT-Based Fracture Risk Assessment with Finite Element Modeling and Machine Learning
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe reviewed advances over the past 3 years in assessment of fracture risk based on CT scans, considering methods that use finite element models, machine learning, or a combination of both.Recent FindingsSeveral studies have demonstrated that CT-based assessment of fracture risk, using finite element modeling or biomarkers derived from machine learning, is equivalent to currently used clinical tools. Phantomless calibration of CT scans for bone mineral density enables accurate measurements from routinely taken scans. This opportunistic use of CT scans for fracture risk assessment is facilitated by h...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - September 1, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Attenuating Muscle Mass Loss in Critical Illness: the Role of Nutrition and Exercise
AbstractPurpose of ReviewImpaired recovery following an intensive care unit (ICU) admission is thought related to muscle wasting. Nutrition and physical activity are considered potential avenues to attenuate muscle wasting. The aim of this review was to present evidence for these interventions in attenuating muscle loss or improving strength and function.Recent FindingsRandomised controlled trials on the impact of nutrition or physical activity interventions in critically ill adult patients on muscle mass, strength or function are presented. No nutrition intervention has shown an effect on strength or function, and the eff...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 31, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Does Aging Activate T-cells to Reduce Bone Mass and Quality?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAging leads to decline in bone mass and quality starting at age 30 in humans. All mammals undergo a basal age-dependent decline in bone mass. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and changes in bone microarchitecture that increases the risk of fracture. About a third of men over the age of 50 years are osteoporotic because they have higher than basal bone loss. In women, there is an additional acute decrement in bone mass, atop the basal rate, associated with loss of ovarian function (menopause) causing osteoporosis in about half of the women. Both genetics and environmental factors such ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 31, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Weight Loss Interventions and Skeletal Health in Persons with Diabetes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWeight loss is recommended for improving glycemic control and reducing cardiovascular risk factors in persons with diabetes. However, both diabetes and weight loss have been associated with detrimental skeletal health. This review aims to summarize recent study findings on the effects of lifestyle interventions for weight loss on skeletal health among persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Recent FindingsA few large-scale observational studies have demonstrated an increased fragility fracture risk associated with weight loss among persons with T2D. Randomized control trials in persons with T2D also hav...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 30, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Muscle and Bone Defects in Metastatic Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe present review addresses most recently identified mechanisms implicated in metastasis-induced bone resorption and muscle-wasting syndrome, known as cachexia.Recent FindingsMetastatic disease in bone and soft tissues is often associated with skeletal muscle defects. Recent studies have identified a number of secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles that contribute to cancer cell growth and metastasis leading to bone destruction and muscle atrophy. In addition, alterations in muscle microenvironment including dysfunctions in hepatic and mitochondrial metabolism have been implicated in cancer...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 22, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Diabetes and Impaired Fracture Healing: A Narrative Review of Recent Literature
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewDiabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder commonly encountered in orthopedic patients. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus increase fracture risk and impair fracture healing. This review examines complex etiology of impaired fracture healing in diabetes.Recent FindingsRecent findings point to several mechanisms leading to orthopedic complications in diabetes. Hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation lead to increased formation of advanced glycation end products and generation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn contribute to the disruption in osteoblast and osteoclast balance l...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 12, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: Unravelling the Bone One Cell at a Time
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBone is a complex tissue populated by a highly heterogeneous mix of cell types in different compartments. The endosteal compartment is a key site for bone remodelling and provides a supportive microenvironment to harbour haematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, as well as cancer cells that grow in bone. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings of studies in bone using single-cell RNA sequencing and emergent spatial RNA sequencing to describe different bone-resident cell types and their molecular programs.Recent FindingsSingle-cell RNA sequencing identified novel and transcriptio...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 2, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Exercise and Exercise Mimetics for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe incidence of musculoskeletal disorders affecting bones, joints, and muscles is dramatically increasing in parallel with the increased longevity of the worldwide population, severely impacting on the individual ’s quality of life and on the healthcare costs. Inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are nowadays considered the main drivers of age-associated musculoskeletal disorders and exercise may counteract such alterations also in other bone- and muscle-centered disorders. This review aims at clarifying the potential use of exercise training to improve musculoskeletal health.Recent FindingsBoth t...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 26, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Functional Heterogeneity Within Osteoclast Populations —a Critical Review of Four Key Publications that May Change the Paradigm of Osteoclasts
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this review, we critically evaluate the literature for osteoclast heterogeneity, including heterogeneity in osteoclast behavior, which has hitherto been unstudied and has only recently come to attention. We give a critical review centered on four recent high-impact papers on this topic and aim to shed light on the elusive biology of osteoclasts and focus on the variant features of osteoclasts that diverge from the classical viewpoint.Recent FindingsOsteoclasts originate from the myeloid lineage and are best known for their unique ability to resorb bone. For decades, osteoclasts have been defined...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 15, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Periosteal Skeletal Stem and Progenitor Cells in Bone Regeneration
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe periosteum, the outer layer of bone, is a major source of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) for bone repair. Here, we discuss recent findings on the characterization, role, and regulation of periosteal SSPCs (pSSPCs) during bone regeneration.Recent FindingsSeveral markers have been described for pSSPCs but lack tissue specificity. In vivo lineage tracing and transcriptomic analyses have improved our understanding of pSSPC functions during bone regeneration. Bone injury activates pSSPCs that migrate, proliferate, and have the unique potential to form both bone and cartilage. The injury resp...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 13, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Musculoskeletal Deficits and Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiological Evidence and Biological Mechanisms
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCognitive impairment is associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. However, no critical appraisal of the literature on the relationship between musculoskeletal deficits and cognitive impairment, focusing on the epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms, has been published to date. Herein, we critically evaluate the literature published over the past 3 years, emphasizing interesting and important new findings, and provide an outline of future directions that will improve our understanding of the connections between the brain and the musculoskeletal system.Recent FindingsRecent l...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 29, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
