The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) for the Management of Non-union Fractures
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe treatment of non-union fractures represents a significant challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. In recent years, biologic agents have been investigated and utilised to support and improve bone healing. Among these agents, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging strategy that is gaining popularity. The aim of this review is to evaluate the current literature regarding the application and clinical effectiveness of PRP injections, specifically for the treatment of non-union fractures.Recent FindingsThe majority of published studies reported that PRP accelerated fracture healing; however, this evid...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - January 4, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Enchondromatosis and Growth Plate Development
AbstractPurpose of reviewEnchondroma is a common cartilage benign tumor that develops from dysregulation of chondrocyte terminal differentiation during growth plate development. Here we provide an overview of recent progress in understanding causative mutations for enchondroma, dysregulated signaling and metabolic pathways in enchondroma, and the progression from enchondroma to malignant chondrosarcoma.Recent findingsSeveral signaling pathways that regulate chondrocyte differentiation are dysregulated in enchondromas. Somatic mutations in the metabolic enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are the most common f...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 11, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Trabecular Architecture and Mechanical Heterogeneity Effects on Vertebral Body Strength
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe aimed to synthesize the recent work on the intra-vertebral heterogeneity in density, trabecular architecture and mechanical properties, its implications for fracture risk, its association with degeneration of the intervertebral discs, and its implications for implant design.Recent FindingsAs compared to the peripheral regions of the centrum, the central region of the vertebral body exhibits lower density and more sparse microstructure. As compared to the anterior region, the posterior region shows higher density. These variations are more pronounced in vertebrae from older persons and in those a...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 20, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Ethnic Differences in Bone Microarchitecture
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewThe aim of this review is to briefly introduce updates in global fracture epidemiology and then to highlight recent contributions to understanding ethnic differences in bone density, geometry and microarchitecture and consider how these might contribute to differences in fracture risk. The review focuses on studies using peripheral quantitative computed tomography techniques.Recent FindingsRecent studies have contributed to our understanding of the differences in fracture incidence both between countries, as well as between ethnic groups living within the same country. In terms of understanding...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 17, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Osteocytes and Diabetes: Altered Function of Diabetic Osteocytes
This article gives an overview of events occurring in diabetic osteocytes. In particular, mechanical responses seem to be seriously affected in these conditions, suggesting that mechanical sensibility could be a target for future research in the field. (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports)
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 13, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Glucose-Lowering Drugs and Fracture Risk —a Systematic Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDiabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased fracture risk. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effects of different classes of glucose-lowering drugs on fracture risk in patients with type 2 DM. The heterogeneity of the included studies did not allow formal statistical analyses.Recent FindingsSixty studies were included in the review. Metformin, dipeptidylpeptidase-IV inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and sodium –glucose cotransporter 2-inhibitors do not appear to increase fracture risk. Results for insulin and sulphonylureas were more disparate, alth...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 9, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Correction to: Do Bisphosphonates Alleviate Pain in Children? A Systematic Review
In a previous version of this publication, the author Mercedes Rodriguez Celin ’s name was listed as M.R. Celin. (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports)
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 29, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Biological Response to Nanosurface Modification on Metallic Biomaterials
AbstractPurpose of reviewNew biomaterials for biomedical applications have been developed over the past few years. This work summarizes the current cell lines investigations regarding nanosurface modifications to improve biocompatibility and osseointegration.Recent findingsMaterial surfaces presenting biomimetic morphology that provides nanoscale architectures have been shown to alter cell/biomaterial interactions. Topographical and biofunctional surface modifications present a positive effect between material and host response.SummaryNanoscale surfaces on titanium have the potential to provide a successful interface for i...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 21, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Play During Growth: the Effect of Sports on Bone Adaptation
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe development of exercise interventions for bone health requires an understanding of normative growth trends. Here, we summarize changes in bone during growth and the effect of participating in sports on structural and compositional measures in different bones in males and females.Recent FindingsGrowing females and males have similar normalized density and bone area fraction until age 16, after which males continue increasing at a faster rate than females. All metrics for both sexes tend to plateau or decline in the early 20s. Areal BMD measures indicate significant heterogeneity in adaptation to...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 21, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
When the Nervous System Turns Skeletal Muscles into Bones: How to Solve the Conundrum of Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification
AbstractPurpose of ReviewNeurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the abnormal formation of extra-skeletal bones in periarticular muscles after damage to the central nervous system (CNS) such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, or cerebral anoxia. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NHO pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Recent animal models of NHO and recent findings investigating the communication between CNS injury, tissue inflammation, and upcoming NHO therapeutics are discussed.Recent FindingsAnimal models of NHO following TBI or SCI ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 21, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Biomechanical Properties of Metastatically Involved Osteolytic Bone
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSkeletal metastasis involves the uncoupling of physiologic bone remodeling resulting in abnormal bone turnover and radical changes in bony architecture, density, and quality. Bone strength assessment and fracture risk prediction are critical in clinical treatment decision-making. This review focuses on bone tissue and structural mechanisms altered by osteolytic metastasis and the resulting changes to its material and mechanical behavior.Recent FindingsBoth organic and mineral phases of bone tissue are altered by osteolytic metastatic disease, with diminished bone quality evident at multiple length-...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 19, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Exercise and Diet: Uncovering Prospective Mediators of Skeletal Fragility in Bone and Marrow Adipose Tissue
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo highlight recent basic, translational, and clinical works demonstrating exercise and diet regulation of marrow adipose tissue (MAT) and bone and how this informs current understanding of the relationship between marrow adiposity and musculoskeletal health.Recent FindingsMarrow adipocytes accumulate in the bone in the setting of not only hypercaloric intake (calorie excess; e.g., diet-induced obesity) but also with hypocaloric intake (calorie restriction; e.g., anorexia), despite the fact that these states affect bone differently. With hypercaloric intake, bone quantity is largely unaffected, whe...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 17, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
A Review on Recent Advances in the Constitutive Modeling of Bone Tissue
AbstractPurpose of ReviewImage-based finite element analysis (FEA) to predict and understand the biomechanical response has become an essential methodology in musculoskeletal research. An important part of such simulation models is the constitutive material model of which recent advances are summarized in this review.Recent FindingsThe review shows that existing models from other fields were introduced, such as cohesion zone (cortical bone) or phase-field models (trabecular bone). Some progress has been made in describing cortical bone involving physical mechanisms such as microcracks. Problems with validations at differen...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 17, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Failures of Endochondral Ossification in the Mucopolysaccharidoses
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders characterized by abnormal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cells and tissues. MPS patients frequently exhibit failures of endochondral ossification during postnatal growth leading to skeletal deformity and short stature. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying failures of endochondral ossification in MPS and discuss associated treatment challenges and opportunities.Recent FindingsStudies in MPS patients and animal models have demonstrated ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 16, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Understanding Bone Disease in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease: a Narrative Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBoth diabetes and kidney disease associate with the development of bone disease and an increased risk of fragility fractures. The etiologies of bone disease in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are multiple and complex. This review explores the association between DKD and bone disease and discusses how the presence of both diabetes and kidney disease may impair bone quality and increase fracture risk. Diagnostic tools as well as future research areas are also discussed.Recent FindingsPatients with DKD have an increased risk of fragility fracture, most pronounced in patients with type 1 di...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 13, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
