Polycomb Repressive Complex 2: a Dimmer Switch of Gene Regulation in Calvarial Bone Development
AbstractPurpose of ReviewEpigenetic regulation is a distinct mechanism of gene regulation that functions by modulating chromatin structure and accessibility. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is a conserved chromatin regulator that is required in the developing embryo to control the expression of key developmental genes. An emerging feature of PRC2 is that it not only allows for binary ON/OFF states of gene expression but can also modulate gene expression in feed-forward loops to change the outcome of gene regulatory networks. This striking feature of epigenetic modulation has improved our understanding of musculoskelet...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 3, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
3D Printing for Bone Regeneration
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to illustrate the current state of 3D printing (3DP) technology used in biomedical industry towards bone regeneration. We have focused our efforts towards correlating materials and structural design aspects of 3DP with biological response from host tissue upon implantation. The primary question that we have tried to address is —can 3DP be a viable technology platform for bone regeneration devices?Recent FindingsRecent findings show that 3DP is a versatile technology platform for numerous materials for mass customizable bone regeneration devices that are also getting ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 2, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Advanced Modeling Methods —Applications to Bone Fracture Mechanics
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe goal of this review is to summarize recent advances in modeling of bone fracture using fracture mechanics –based approaches at multiple length scales spanning nano- to macroscale.Recent FindingsDespite the additional information that fracture mechanics –based models provide over strength-based ones, the application of this approach to assessing bone fracture is still somewhat limited. Macroscale fracture models of bone have demonstrated the potential of this approach in uncovering the contributions of geometry, material property variation, as we ll as loading mode and rate on whole bone fra...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 31, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Benefits of Bisphosphonate Therapy: Beyond the Skeleton
AbstractPurpose of ReviewRecent evidence from clinical trials and observational studies raises the possibility that bisphosphonate use might confer a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, resulting in a mortality benefit. This review summarizes clinical and preclinical studies examining the non-skeletal effects of bisphosphonates.Recent FindingsData from clinical trials are conflicting regarding whether or not bisphosphonates have beneficial effects on mortality, cardiovascular events, or cancer incidence. No clinical trials have assessed these outcomes as primary endpoints, and most trials were shorter than 4 Â...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 30, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Biomechanics of Implant Fixation in Osteoporotic Bone
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the current literature regarding implant fixation in osteoporotic bone.Recent FindingsClinical studies have not only demonstrated the growing prevalence of osteoporosis in patients undergoing total joint replacement (TJR) but may also indicate a significant gap in screening and treatment of this comorbidity. Osteoporosis negatively impacts bone in multiple ways beyond the mere loss of bone mass, including compromising skeletal regenerative capacity, architectural deterioration, and bone matrix quality, all of which could diminish implant fixation...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 29, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Gone Caving: Roles of the Transcriptional Regulators YAP and TAZ in Skeletal Development
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe development of the skeleton is controlled by cellular decisions determined by the coordinated activation of multiple transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests that the transcriptional regulator proteins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), could have important roles in directing the activity of these transcriptional programs. However, in vitro evidence for the roles of YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells has been hopelessly contradictory. The goals of this review are to provide a cross-sectional view on the state of the field and to synthe...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 24, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Diabetes and Bone Fragility: SGLT2 Inhibitor Use in the Context of Renal and Cardiovascular Benefits
AbstractPurpose of ReviewType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been shown to negatively impact bone quality and increase fracture risk. While the pathophysiology of bone fragility in T2DM is not clear and likely multifactorial, medications used to treat T2DM are increasingly scrutinized for their potential role in aberrant bone metabolism. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are gaining popularity in patients with T2DM. In addition to lowering blood glucose, there is evidence that these drugs offer cardiac and renal benefit to individuals with T2DM, leading to FDA-approved indications for use in at-risk indivi...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 23, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Stem Cell Therapy as a Treatment for Osteogenesis Imperfecta
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a chronic disease with few treatment options available. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on treating OI with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).Recent FindingsOff-the-shelf MSC have a good safety profile and exhibit multilineage differentiation potential and a low immunogenic profile and are easy to manufacture. Their ability to migrate, engraft, and differentiate into bone cells, and also to act via paracrine effects on the recipient ’s tissues, makes MSC candidates as a clinical therapy for OI. Due to their high osteogenic potency, fetal MSC offer a...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 23, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Cannabinoids Effect on Bone Formation and Bone Healing
AbstractPurpose of ReviewHere, we overview the latest findings from studies investigating the skeletal endocannabinoid (EC) system and its involvement in bone formation and resorption.Recent FindingsThe endocannabinoid system consists of endogenous ligands, receptors, and enzymes. The main cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are expressed in bone and regulate bone homeostasis in rodents and humans. CBD treatment was shown to enhance fracture healing in rats. Recent studies in mice indicate that strain, age, and sex differences ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 22, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Does Whole-Body Vibration Treatment Make Children ’s Bones Stronger?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo summarize the last 10 Â years of literature regarding the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on bone in children, and if WBV results in increased bone acquisition.Recent FindingsWBV intervention appears to be a safe intervention with beneficial effects on bone mass in some diseases and syndromes, but there is still low evidence for WBV in clinical practice. The positive effects on muscle strength, balance, and walking speed are more conclusive. One of the takeaways of this review is that well-trained individuals may not further improve bone mass with WBV; thus, interventions are more benefici...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 20, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Is There a Governing Role of Osteocytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBone regeneration plays an important role in contemporary clinical treatment. Bone tissue engineering should result in successful bone regeneration to restore congenital or acquired bone defects in the human skeleton. Osteocytes are thought to have a governing role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and thus bone loss and formation. In this review, we address the so far largely unknown role osteocytes may play in bone tissue regeneration.Recent FindingsOsteocytes release biochemical signaling molecules involved in bone remodeling such as prostaglandins, nitric oxid...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 16, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSkeletal muscle and bone are connected anatomically and physiologically, and play a crucial role in human locomotion and metabolism. Historically, the coupling between muscle and bone has been viewed in light of mechanotransduction, which dictates that the mechanical forces applied to muscle are transmitted to the skeleton to initiate bone formation. However, these organs also communicate through the endocrine system, orchestrated by a family of cytokines namely myokines (derived from myocytes) and osteokines (derived from bone cells). A third player in this biochemical crosstalk is adipose tissue ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 11, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Impact of Exercise on Bone Health in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus —a Systematic Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased fracture risk. Weight loss in T2DM management may result in lowering of bone mass. In this systematic literature review, we aimed to investigate how exercise affects bone health in people with T2DM. Furthermore, we examined the types of exercise with the potential to prevent and treat bone fragility in people with T2DM.Recent FindingsExercise differs in type, mechanical load, and intensity, as does the osteogenic response to exercise. Aerobic exercise improves metabolic health in people with T2DM. However, the weight-bearing component ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 10, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone-Muscle Mutual Interactions
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to describe the current state of our thinking regarding bone-muscle interactions beyond the mechanical perspective.Recent FindingsRecent and prior evidence has begun to dissect many of the molecular mechanisms that bone and muscle use to communicate with each other and to modify each other ’s function. Several signaling factors produced by muscle and bone have emerged as potential mediators of these biochemical/molecular interactions. These include muscle factors such as myostatin, Irisin, BAIBA, IL-6, and the IGF family and the bone factors FGF-23, Wnt1 and Wnt3a, P...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 8, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone Muscle Crosstalk in Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathophysiology and Implications for Patients ’ Quality of Life
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of (i) bone and muscle tissue modifications pathophysiology in spinal cord injury (SCI), (ii) experimental data on the physiopathological mechanisms underpinning these modifications and their similarities with the aging process, and (iii) potential clinical implications in the management of the disabling sequelae of SCI.Recent FindingsSeveral studies attempted to describe the biology underpinning the links between bone and muscle tissues in the setting of highly disabling conditions, such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and neurodegenerati...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 8, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
