The Osteocyte Transcriptome: Discovering Messages Buried Within Bone
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewOsteocytes are cells embedded within the bone matrix, but their function and specific patterns of gene expression remain only partially defined; this is beginning to change with recent studies using transcriptomics. This unbiased approach can generate large amounts of data and is now being used to identify novel genes and signalling pathways within osteocytes both at baseline conditions and in response to stimuli. This review outlines the methods used to isolate cell populations containing osteocytes, and key recent transcriptomic studies that used osteocyte-containing preparations from bone ti...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 10, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Regulation of FGF23: Beyond Bone
AbstractPurpose of ReviewFibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone- and bone marrow-derived hormone that is critical to maintain phosphate homeostasis. The principal actions of FGF23 are to reduce serum phosphate levels by decreasing kidney phosphate reabsorption and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis. FGF23 deficiency causes hyperphosphatemia and ectopic calcifications, while FGF23 excess causes hypophosphatemia and skeletal defects. Excess FGF23 also correlates with kidney disease, where it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, FGF23 levels are tightly regulated, but the mechanisms remain ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 10, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Effect of Newer Long-Acting Insulins on Hypoglycemia and Fracture Risk Among People with Diabetes: A Systematic Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo investigate the effect of newer long-acting insulins on the risk of hypoglycemic episodes and fractures in people with diabetes.Recent FindingsHypoglycemic episodes are the critical limiting factor in glycemic management due to a deteriorating effect on quality of life. Hypoglycemia may in severe cases lead to unconsciousness and thus fractures. Newer long-acting insulins may result in more stable blood glucose levels, less hypoglycemic episodes, and reduced risk of fractures.SummaryUse of insulin increases risk of hypoglycemic episodes, and hypoglycemic episodes increase risk of fractures plaus...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 6, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Augmenting Osteoporosis Imaging with Machine Learning
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this paper, we discuss how recent advancements in image processing and machine learning (ML) are shaping a new and exciting era for the osteoporosis imaging field. With this paper, we want to give the reader a basic exposure to the ML concepts that are necessary to build effective solutions for image processing and interpretation, while presenting an overview of the state of the art in the application of machine learning techniques for the assessment of bone structure, osteoporosis diagnosis, fracture detection, and risk prediction.Recent FindingsML effort in the osteoporosis imaging field is la...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 6, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Tracking of Oral and Craniofacial Stem Cells in Tissue Development, Regeneration, and Diseases
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe craniofacial region hosts a variety of stem cells, all isolated from different sources of bone and cartilage. However, despite scientific advancements, their role in tissue development and regeneration is not entirely understood. The goal of this review is to discuss recent advances in stem cell tracking methods and how these can be advantageously used to understand oro-facial tissue development and regeneration.Recent FindingsStem cell tracking methods have gained importance in recent times, mainly with the introduction of several molecular imaging techniques, like optical imaging, computed to...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 6, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Mechanobiology of Bone Metastatic Cancer
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this review, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the impacts of mechanical stimuli on metastatic tumor-induced bone disease (TIBD). Further, we focus on the role of the osteocyte, the skeleton ’s primary mechanosensory cell, which is central to the skeleton’s mechanoresponse, sensing and integrating local mechanical stimuli, and then controlling the downstream remodeling balance as appropriate.Recent FindingsExercise and controlled mechanical loading have anabolic effects on bone tissue in models of bone metastasis. They also have anti-tumorigenic properties, in part due ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 3, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Recent Advances in the Role of Diet in Bone and Mineral Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewChronic kidney disease mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD) is a common complication of kidney disease and is strongly influenced by diet. The purpose of this manuscript is to review recent advances in the role of diet in CKD-MBD over the last 5 years.Recent FindingsMany of the recent studies examining the role of diet in CKD-MBD have focused on the adverse effects of high phosphorus consumption on bone health and metabolism. In general, the studies have shown that high phosphorus consumption worsens markers of bone and mineral metabolism but that eating a diet with a calcium to phosphorus ratio clos...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 3, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Poor bone matrix quality: What can be done about it?
AbstractPurpose of the reviewBone ’s ability to withstand load resisting fracture and adapting to it highly depends on the quality of its matrix and its regulators. This review focuses on the contribution of bone quality to fracture resistance and possible therapeutic targets for skeletal fragility in aging and disease.Recent findingsThe highly organized, hierarchical composite structure of bone extracellular matrix together with its (re)modeling mechanisms and microdamage dynamics determines its stiffness, strength, and toughness. Aging and disease affect the biological processes regulating bone quality, thus resulting ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 20, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Role of DMP1 in CKD-MBD
AbstractPurpose of ReviewChronic kidney disease –mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) has become a global health crisis with very limited therapeutic options. Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is a matrix extracellular protein secreted by osteocytes that has generated recent interest for its possible involvement in CKD-MBD pathogenesis. This is a r eview of DMP1 established regulation and function, and early studies implicating DMP1 in CKD-MBD.Recent FindingsPatients and mice with CKD show perturbations of DMP1 expression in bone, associated with impaired osteocyte maturation, mineralization, and increased fibroblast growth ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 31, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Metabolism in the Tumour-Bone Microenvironment
AbstractPurpose of ReviewFor solid tumours such as breast and prostate cancer, and haematological malignancies such as myeloma, bone represents a supportive home, where the cellular crosstalk is known to underlie both tumour growth and survival, and the development of the associated bone disease. The importance of metabolic reprogramming is becoming increasingly recognised, particularly within cancer biology, enabling tumours to adapt to changing environments and pressures. This review will discuss our current understanding of metabolic requirements and adaptations within the tumour-bone microenvironment.Recent FindingsThe...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 28, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Advancements in Osteoporosis Imaging, Screening, and Study of Disease Etiology
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to inform researchers and clinicians with the most recent imaging techniques that are employed (1) to opportunistically screen for osteoporosis and (2) to provide a better understanding into the disease etiology of osteoporosis.Recent FindingsPhantomless calibration techniques for computed tomography (CT) may pave the way for better opportunistic osteoporosis screening and the retroactive analysis of imaging data. Additionally, hardware advances are enabling new applications of dual-energy CT and cone-beam CT to the study of bone. Advances in MRI sequences are also imp...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 22, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Correction to: Gut Microbiota in Bone Health and Diabetes
A Correction to this paper has been published:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-021-00694-8 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports)
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 22, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bringing Mechanical Context to Image-Based Measurements of Bone Integrity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewImage-based measurements of bone integrity are used to estimate failure properties and clinical fracture risk. This paper (1) reviews recent imaging studies that have enhanced our understanding of the mechanical pathways to bone fracture and (2) discusses the influence that inter-individual differences in image-based measurements may have on the clinical assessment of fracture riskRecent FindingsIncreased tissue mineralization is associated with improved bone strength but reduced fracture toughness. Trabecular architecture that is important for fatigue resistance is less important for bone strength...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 16, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Part I: Which Child with a Chronic Disease Needs Bone Health Monitoring?
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewUnderlying conditions which adversely affect skeletal strength are one of the most common reasons for consultations in pediatric bone health clinics. The diseases most frequently linked to fragility fractures include leukemia and other cancers, inflammatory disorders, neuromuscular disease, and those treated with osteotoxic drugs (particularly glucocorticoids). The decision to treat a child with secondary osteoporosis is challenged by the fact that fractures are frequent in childhood, even in the absence of risk factors. Furthermore, some children have the potential for medication-unassisted re...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 10, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Diminishing Returns of Mechanical Loading and Potential Mechanisms that Desensitize Osteocytes
AbstractAdaptation to mechanical loading is critical to maintaining bone mass and offers therapeutic potential to preventing age-related bone loss and osteoporosis. However, increasing the duration of loading is met with “diminishing returns” as the anabolic response quickly becomes saturated. As a result, the anabolic response to daily activities and repetitive bouts of loading is limited by the underlying mechanisms that desensitize and render bone unresponsive at the cellular level. Osteocytes are the primary cells that respond to skeletal loading and facilitate the overall anabolic response. Although many of osteoc...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 3, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
