Genetics of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis and Ossification of the Spinal Ligaments
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe study aims to provide updated information on the genetic factors associated with the diagnoses ‘Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis’ (DISH), ‘Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament’ (OPLL), and in patients with spinal ligament ossification.Recent FindingsRecent studies have advanced our knowledge of genetic factors associated with DISH, OPLL, and other spinal ossification (ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament [OALL] and the yellow ligament [OYL]). Several case studies of individuals afflicted with monogenic disorders, such as X-linked hypophosphatemia (XL...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - August 2, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Sclerostin and Cardiovascular Disease
This article aims to triangulate evidence concerning possible adverse effects of sclerostin inhibition on CVD risk.Recent FindingsRandomised controlled trials of treatment with the anti-sclerostin antibody, romosozumab, have yielded conflicting evidence with respect to possible adverse effects of sclerostin inhibition on CVD risk. To further examine the causal relationship between sclerostin inhibition and CVD risk, three Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies have examined effects of sclerostin lowering on CVD outcomes, using common genetic variants in theSOST gene which produces sclerostin, to mimic effects of a randomised...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 25, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Defects in Bone and Bone Marrow in Inherited Anemias: the Chicken or the Egg
AbstractPurpose of Review
Recently, there has been an increasing number of studies on the crosstalk between the bone and the bone marrow and how it pertains to anemia. Here, we discuss four heritable clinical syndromes contrasting those in which anemia affects bone growth and development, with those in which abnormal bone development results in anemia, highlighting the multifaceted interactions between skeletal development and hematopoiesis.Recent FindingsAnemia results from both inherited and acquired disorders caused by either impaired production or premature destruction of red blood cells or blood loss. The downstrea...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 12, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Runt-related Transcription Factors and Gene Regulatory Mechanisms in Skeletal Development and Diseases
AbstractPurpose of ReviewRunt-related transcription factors (RUNX) play critical roles in skeletal development, metabolism, and diseases. In mammals, three RUNX members, namely RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3, play distinct and redundant roles, although RUNX2 is a dominant factor in skeletal development and several skeletal diseases. This review is to provide an overview of the current understanding of RUNX-mediated transcriptional regulation in different skeletal cell types.Recent FindingsAdvances in chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) have revealed genome-wide RUNX-mediated gene regulatory mec...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 12, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Recommendations for High-resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Assessment of Bone Density, Microarchitecture, and Strength in Pediatric Populations
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize current approaches and provide recommendations for imaging bone in pediatric populations using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT).Recent FindingsImaging the growing skeleton is challenging and HR-pQCT protocols are not standardized across centers. Adopting a single-imaging protocol for all studies is unrealistic; thus, we present three established protocols for HR-pQCT imaging in children and adolescents and share advantages and disadvantages of each. Limiting protocol variation will enhance the uniformity of results and ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 10, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Cranial Neural Crest Cells Contribution to Craniofacial Bone Development and Regeneration
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review aims to summarize (i) the latest evidence on cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) contribution to craniofacial development and ossification; (ii) the recent discoveries on the mechanisms responsible for their plasticity; and (iii) the newest procedures to ameliorate maxillofacial tissue repair.Recent FindingsCNCC display a remarkable differentiation potential that exceeds the capacity of their germ layer of origin. The mechanisms by which they expand their plasticity was recently described. Their ability to participate to craniofacial bone development and regeneration open new perspectives...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 8, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone Trans-omics: Integrating Omics to Unveil Mechanistic Molecular Networks Regulating Bone Biology and Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewRecent advancements in “omics” technologies and bioinformatics have afforded researchers new tools to study bone biology in an unbiased and holistic way. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies integrating multi-omics data gathered from multiple molecular layers (i.e.; trans-omics) to reveal new mole cular mechanisms that regulate bone biology and underpin skeletal diseases.Recent FindingsBone biologists have traditionally relied on single-omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) to profile measureable differences (both qualitative and quant...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 6, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Multifaceted Effects of Osteocytic TGF β Signaling on the Skeletal and Extraskeletal Functions of Bone
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo summarize the fundamental role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF β) signaling in osteocytes and highlight the physiological and pathophysiological conditions stemming from the deregulation of this pathway in osteocytes.Recent FindingsOsteocytes perform a myriad of skeletal and extraskeletal functions, including mechanosensing, coordinating bone remodeling, local bone matrix turnover, and maintaining systemic mineral homeostasis and global energy balance. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF β) signaling, which is crucial for embryonic and postnatal bone development and maintenance, has b...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 3, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone Health in the Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth Population
AbstractPurpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to summarize the scientific evidence on bone health in transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth.Recent FindingsGender-affirming medical therapies may be introduced during a key window of skeletal development in TGD adolescents. Before treatment, low bone density for age is more prevalent than expected in TGD youth. Bone mineral densityZ-scores decrease with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and differentially respond to subsequent estradiol or testosterone. Risk factors for low bone density in this population include low body mass index, low physical activi...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - July 3, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Application of Panoramic Radiography in the Detection of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis—Current State of the Art
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOsteoporosis ranks high among morbidities in the elderly as it is a natural process to lose bone, making them susceptible to fractures from minor falls. The cost of managing these patients is staggering. The fractures can be prevented with better care of the elderly, and by treating the major predisposing factor, osteoporosis. Clinicians and scientists, in general, constantly look for early diagnostic and prognostic indicators for osteopenia and osteoporosis to proactively prevent fractures. Dental panoramic radiography (DPR) is a rotational pantomography used for identifying dental pathology in pa...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 29, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Disparities in the Epidemiology and Management of Fragility Hip Fractures
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to synthesize the recently published scientific evidence on disparities in epidemiology and management of fragility hip fractures.Recent FindingsThere have been a number of investigations focusing on the presence of disparities in the epidemiology and management of fragility hip fractures. Race-, sex-, geographic-, socioeconomic-, and comorbidity-based disparities have been the primary focus of these investigations. Comparatively fewer studies have focused on why these disparities may exist and interventions to reduce disparities.SummaryThere are widespread and profoun...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 26, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Disparities in the Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in Men and Women Living in Sub-Saharan Africa, the UK, and the USA
AbstractPurposeTo review the rising prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in sub-Saharan Africa and the challenges this poses to governments and healthcare services. Using existing studies, we compare the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in men and women from sub-Saharan Africa to US and UK cohorts. Context-specific disparities in healthcare are discussed particularly the challenges in diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis.Recent FindingsThere are few epidemiological data describing the burden of osteoporosis in sub-Saharan Africa. In the studies and cohorts presented here, osteoporosis prevalence varies by ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 23, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Early Life Programming of Skeletal Health
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIncreasing bone mineral accrual during childhood might delay the onset of osteoporosis. We discuss the scientific evidence for early life approaches to optimising skeletal health.Recent FindingsThere is an ever-growing body of evidence from observational studies suggesting associations between early life exposures, particularly during foetal development, and bone mineral density (BMD). The findings of such studies are often heterogeneous, and for some exposures, for example, maternal smoking and alcohol intake in pregnancy or age at conception, intervention studies are not feasible. The most freque...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 19, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Advances in Osteosarcoma
This article gives a brief overview of the most recent developments in osteosarcoma treatment, including targeting of signaling pathways, immune checkpoint inhibitors, drug delivery strategies as single or combined approaches, and the identification of new therapeutic targets to face this highly heterogeneous disease.Recent FindingsOsteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors in children and young adults, with a high risk of bone and lung metastases and a 5-year survival rate around 70% in the absence of metastases and 30% if metastases are detected at the time of diagnosis. Despite the novel advanc...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 17, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Post-Fracture Care Program: Pharmacological Treatment of Osteoporosis in Older Adults with Fragility Fractures
This article will present a Bone-Care algorithm for the diagnosis and management of fragility fractures in patients presenting for trauma surgery. This algorithm has been developed based on recently published national as well as international guidelines for implementation in standard clinical practice.SummaryInternational figures revealed that only a small proportion of those patients at high risk of sustaining a fragility fracture receive osteoporosis therapy. Based on the best currently available evidence, it is safe to start osteoporosis therapy in the acute post-fracture period (the optimal therapeutic window of romoso...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 10, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
