The Bone-Vascular Axis in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review aims to describe the pathogenic factors involved in bone-vessel anomalies in CKD which are the object of numerous experimental and clinical research.Recent FindingsKnowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of vascular calcification and mineral-bone disorders is evolving. Specific bone turnover anomalies influence the vascular health while recent studies demonstrate that factors released by the calcified vessels also contribute to bone deterioration in CKD. Current therapies used to control mineral dysregulations will impact both the vessels and bone metab...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - January 10, 2024 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Diabetes and the Microvasculature of the Bone and Marrow
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to highlight the evidence of microvascular dysfunction in bone and marrow and its relation to poor skeletal outcomes in diabetes mellitus.Recent FindingsDiabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which may lead to microangiopathy and macroangiopathy. Micro- and macroangiopathy have been diagnosed in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, coinciding with osteopenia, osteoporosis, enhanced fracture risk and delayed fracture healing. Microangiopathy has been reported in the skeleton, correlating with reduced blood flow and perfusion, vasomotor dysfunction, microvas...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - January 10, 2024 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Anesthetic Methods for Hip Fracture
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo review the benefits, risks, and contraindications of traditional and new anesthesia approaches for hip fracture surgery and describe what is known about the impact of these approaches on postoperative outcomes.Recent FindingsThis review describes general and spinal anesthesia, peripheral nerve block techniques used for pain management, and novel, local anesthesia approaches which may provide significant benefit compared with traditional approaches by minimizing high-risk induction time and decreasing respiratory suppression and short- and long-term cognitive effects.SummaryHip fracture surgery p...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 22, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Efficacy of Osteoporosis Medications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewThe purpose of the review is to summarise the current scientific evidence on the efficacy of osteoporosis medications in patients with type 2 diabetes.Recent FindingsType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing global epidemic. The highest prevalence is observed in the elderly, the same population affected by osteoporosis. Despite normal or even increased bone mineral density and low bone turnover, T2D is associated with an increased risk of fractures in most skeletal sites. These findings raised concerns over the efficacy of anti-osteoporosis drugs in this population. There is no randomised controlled t...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 14, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Loss of Muscle Mass and Strength After Hip Fracture: an Intervention Target for Nutrition Supplementation
AbstractPurposeof ReviewTo summarize what is known about the deleterious effect of hip fracture on muscle mass and strength as well as the scientific evidence for post-surgical nutrition supplementation to maintain muscle and improve function.Recent FindingsThis review provides a discussion of the relationship between muscle mass, strength, and physical function following hip fracture, briefly describes the approaches to measuring lean mass, discusses prevalence of sarcopenia and malnutrition among older men and women with hip fracture, and reviews the effects of essential amino acids on muscle.SummaryLoss of muscle mass a...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 29, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Practical Compass of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review paper provides step-by-step instructions on the fundamental process, from handling fastq datasets to illustrating plots and drawing trajectories.Recent FindingsThe number of studies using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) is increasing. scRNA-seq revealed the heterogeneity or diversity of the cellular populations. scRNA-seq also provides insight into the interactions between different cell types. User-friendly scRNA-seq packages for ligand-receptor interactions and trajectory analyses are available. In skeletal biology, osteoclast differentiation, fracture healing, ectopic ossification, h...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 29, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Bone Mineral Density for Osteoporosis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe primarily aim to review differences in bone mineral density (BMD) for osteoporosis among different racial/ethnic groups and to highlight the magnitude of racial/ethnic differences in obesity and diabetes. We also explore the factors contributing to the BMD differences among various subgroups. In addition, we investigate the existing disparities in research, educational initiatives, screening practices, and treatment options for osteoporosis and discuss these findings ’ clinical and public health implications.Recent FindingsRacial/ethnic differences in BMD for osteoporosis exist in the USA and ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 29, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Biomimetic Inspired Hydrogels for Regenerative Vertebral Body Stenting
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review aims to explore the potential of biomimetic hydrogels as an alternative to bone cement in vertebral body stenting (VBS), a minimally invasive treatment for vertebral compression fractures.Recent FindingsThe use of bone cement in VBS procedures can lead to complications such as incomplete fracture reduction and cement leakage. Biomimetic hydrogels have gained significant attention as potential biomaterial alternatives for VBS due to their unique properties, including tuneable therapeutic and mechanical properties. Over the past decade, there has been significant advancements in the devel...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 25, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Weight-bearing Guidelines for Common Geriatric Upper and Lower Extremity Fractures
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review paper is to summarize current weight-bearing guidelines for common geriatric fractures, around weight-bearing joints, of the upper and lower extremities.Recent FindingsThere is an increasing amount of literature investigating the safety and efficacy of early weight-bearing in geriatric fractures, particularly of the lower extremity. Many recent studies, although limited, suggest that early weight-bearing may be safe for geriatric distal femur and ankle fractures.SummaryGiven the limited data pertaining to early weight-bearing in geriatric fractures, it is difficult to est...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 16, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Zebrafish as a Model for Osteoporosis: Functional Validations of Genome-Wide Association Studies
AbstractPurpose of ReviewGWAS, as a largely correlational analysis, requires in vitro or in vivo validation. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have many advantages for studying the genetics of human diseases. Since gene editing in zebrafish has been highly valuable for studying embryonic skeletal developmental processes that are prenatally or perinatally lethal in mammalian models, we are reviewing pros and cons of this model.Recent FindingsThe true power for the use of zebrafish is the ease by which the genome can be edited, especially using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Gene editing, followed by phenotyping, for complex traits such as B...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 16, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Micropetrosis: Osteocyte Lacunar Mineralization in Aging and Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAs the importance of osteocytes for bone mineral homeostasis is increasingly recognized, there is growing interest in osteocyte cell death as a relevant indicator in various physiological and pathological conditions. Micropetrosis is an established term used to describe osteocyte lacunae that are filled with minerals following osteocyte death. While the early reports of micropetrosis were purely descriptive, there is now an increasing body of literature showing quantitative data on micropetrosis in various conditions such as aging, osteoporosis, immobilization, and diabetes, and in osteoporosis tre...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 2, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone Material Properties in Bone Diseases Affecting Children
We describe cellular events together with the characteristics of the different tissues and organic matrix organization (cartilage, woven and lamellar bone) occurring during linear growth. Subsequently, we present typical alterations thereof in disorders leading to over-mineralized bone matrix compared to those associated with low or normal mineral content based on bone biopsy studies.SummaryGrowth spurts or growth retardation might amplify or mask disease-related alterations in bone material, which makes the interpretation of bone tissue findings in children complex and challenging. (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports)
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 28, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Characterizing Bone Phenotypes Related to Skeletal Fragility Using Advanced Medical Imaging
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSummarize the recent literature that investigates how advanced medical imaging has contributed to our understanding of skeletal phenotypes and fracture risk across the lifespan.Recent FindingsCharacterization of bone phenotypes on the macro-scale using advanced imaging has shown that while wide bones are generally stronger than narrow bones, they may be more susceptible to age-related declines in bone strength. On the micro-scale, HR-pQCT has been used to identify bone microarchitecture phenotypes that improve stratification of fracture risk based on phenotype-specific risk factors. Adolescence is ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 26, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Origin and Fate of Chondrocytes: Cell Plasticity in Physiological Setting
AbstractPurpose of ReviewHere, we discuss the origin of chondrocytes, their destiny, and their plasticity in relationship to bone growth, articulation, and formation of the trabeculae. We also consider these processes from a biological, clinical, and evolutionary perspective.Recent FindingsChondrocytes, which provide the template for the formation of most bones, are responsible for skeletal growth and articulation during postnatal life. In recent years our understanding of the fate of these cells has changed dramatically. Current evidence indicates a paradoxical situation during skeletogenesis, with some cells of mesenchym...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 14, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Correction: Bringing Mechanical Context to Image-Based Measurements of Bone Integrity
(Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports)
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - October 14, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
