Checkpoint Inhibitors in Bone Metastatic Disease in Solid Tumors
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBone is a common site of metastatic spread for solid tumors. Bone as an organ serves unique roles in the body ’s structural integrity, hematopoiesis, and the development of immune modulating cells. With the increasing use of immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors, understanding the response of bone metastases is necessary.Recent FindingsThe data on checkpoint inhibitors used for managing solid tumors are reviewed here with a focus on bone metastases. Albeit with limited available data, there is a trend toward poorer outcomes in this setting, presumably due to the unique immune m...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 9, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bone Health in Young Athletes: a Narrative Review of the Recent Literature
Abstract
Purpose of ReviewThe aim of this review is to discuss the most recent published scientific evidence regarding bone health in the pediatric athlete.
Recent FindingsPediatric athletes commonly suffer from overuse injuries to the physes and apophyses, as well as bone stress injuries, for which magnetic resonance imaging grading of the severity of injuries may be useful in guiding return to sport. Adolescent athletes, particularly those who train indoors and during the winter season, are at risk for vitamin D deficiency, which has important implications for bone mineral density. However, the relationship between...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 8, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Advances in Osteoporosis Therapy: Focus on Osteoanabolic Agents, Secondary Fracture Prevention, and Perioperative Bone Health
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review summarizes recently published data and other developments around osteoanabolic osteoporosis therapies in patients with very high fracture risk, including those undergoing bone-related surgery.Recent FindingsTwo osteoanabolic agents, abaloparatide and romosozumab, were recently approved for treatment of patients with osteoporosis at high fracture risk. These agents, along with teriparatide, are valuable for primary and secondary fracture prevention. Orthopedic surgeons are well positioned to facilitate secondary fracture prevention via referrals to fracture liaison services or other bone...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 8, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Amino Acid Metabolism in Bone Metastatic Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBreast and prostate tumors frequently metastasize to the bone, but the underlying mechanisms for osteotropism remain elusive. An emerging feature of metastatic progression is metabolic adaptation of cancer cells to new environments. This review will summarize the recent advances on how cancer cells utilize amino acid metabolism during metastasis, from early dissemination to interactions with the bone microenvironment.Recent FindingsRecent studies have suggested that certain metabolic preferences for amino acids may be associated with bone metastasis. Once in the bone microenvironment, cancer cells ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 6, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Influence of Osteocyte Lacunar-Canalicular Morphology and Network Architecture on Osteocyte Mechanosensitivity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe goal of this review is to summarize recent findings related to modifications in osteocyte lacunar and canalicular morphology due to physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, this review aims to outline how these modifications may influence the local mechanical environment of osteocytes and their mechanosensitivity.Recent FindingsReduction in lacunar density with age and increasing lacunar size with lactation are confirmed in multiple studies in human and murine bone. There is also evidence of a reduction in canalicular density, length, and branching, as well as increasing spherici...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 5, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Image Registration in Longitudinal Bone Assessment Using Computed Tomography
AbstractPurpose of ReviewRigid image registration is an important image processing tool for the assessment of musculoskeletal chronic disease. In this paper, we critically review applications of rigid image registration in terms of similarity measurement methods over the past three years (2019 –2022) in the context of monitoring longitudinal changes to bone microstructure and mechanical properties using computed tomography. This review identifies critical assumptions and trade-offs underlying different similarity measurement methods used in image registration and demonstrates the effect of using different similarity meas...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 2, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Transition from Pediatric to Adult Health Care in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
AbstractPurposeHere, we review issues regarding the transition from pediatric to adult-focused health care for individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI).Recent FindingsThe clinical consequences of OI change during the lifespan. Fracture rates are lower in adults than in children with OI, whereas other manifestations are typically becoming more prominent in adults. The evidence base for the transition to adult health care in OI is thin, as the literature on the topic is limited to qualitative investigations on a small number of participants. A few tools to help with transition, such as a program to improve self-manageme...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - June 2, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Circular RNAs: Promising Targets in Osteoporosis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are RNA transcripts derived from fragments of pre-messenger RNAs through a back-splicing process. An advantage that rises from their circular covalently closed conformation is their high stability, when compared with their linear counterparts. The current review focuses on the emerging roles of circRNAs in osteoporosis, including in osteogenic differentiation and osteoclastogenesis. Their potential as osteoporosis biomarkers will also be discussed.Recent FindingsAlthough firstly described as non-coding, some of these single-stranded RNAs were recently reported to possess ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - April 29, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Fracture Toughness: Bridging the Gap Between Hip Fracture and Fracture Risk Assessment
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review surveys recent literature related to cortical bone fracture mechanics and its application towards understanding bone fragility and hip fractures.Recent FindingsCurrent clinical tools for hip fracture risk assessment have been shown to be insensitive in some cases of elevated fracture risk leading to the question of what other factors account for fracture risk. The emergence of cortical bone fracture mechanics has thrown light on other factors at the tissue level that are important to bone fracture resistance and therefore assessment of fracture risk. Recent cortical bone fracture toughn...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - April 27, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Role of the Osteocyte in Musculoskeletal Disease
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize the role of the osteocyte in muscle atrophy in cancer patients, sarcopenia, spinal cord injury, Duchenne ’s muscular dystrophy, and other conditions associated with muscle deterioration.Recent FindingsOne type of bone cell, the osteocyte, appears to play a major role in muscle and bone crosstalk, whether physiological or pathological. Osteocytes are cells living within the bone-mineralized matrix. These cells are connected to each other by means of dendrites to create an intricately connected network. The osteocyte network has been shown to respond t...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - April 21, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Mechanical Biomarkers in Bone Using Image-Based Finite Element Analysis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize insights gained by finite element (FE) model-based mechanical biomarkers of bone for in vivo assessment of bone development and adaptation, fracture risk, and fracture healing.Recent FindingsMuscle-driven FE models have been used to establish correlations between prenatal strains and morphological development. Postnatal ontogenetic studies have identified potential origins of bone fracture risk and quantified the mechanical environment during stereotypical locomotion and in response to increased loading. FE-based virtual mechanical tests have been used t...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - April 20, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Metabolomics of Osteoporosis in Humans: A Systematic Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo systematically review recent studies investigating the association between metabolites and bone mineral density (BMD) in humans.MethodsUsing predefined keywords, we searched literature published from Jan 1, 2019 to Feb 20, 2022 in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus. Studies that met the predefined exclusion criteria were excluded. Among the included studies, we identified metabolites that were reported to be associated with BMD by at least three independent studies.Recent FindingsA total of 170 studies were retrieved from the databases. After excluding studies that did not meet our prede...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - April 15, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Variable Bone Phenotypes in Patients with Pseudohypoparathyroidism
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a disorder caused by mutations and/or epigenetic changes at the complexGNAS locus. It is characterized by hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and an elevated parathyroid hormone concentration secondary to the resistance of target tissues to the biological actions of parathyroid hormone. PHP is divided into several subtypes with different yet overlapping phenotypes. Research on the bone status in patients with PHP is sparse and has yielded inconsistent results. This review was performed to summarize the current knowledge on the bone phenotypes and possible mechanisms o...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - April 4, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Exercise to Prevent and Manage Frailty and Fragility Fractures
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review identifies exercise-based recommendations to prevent and manage frailty and fragility fractures from current clinical practice guidelines. We also critically assess recently published literature in relation to exercise interventions to mitigate frailty and fragility fractures.Recent FindingsMost guidelines presented similar recommendations that included the prescription of individually tailored, multicomponent exercise programs, discouragement of prolonged sitting and inactivity, and combining exercise with optimal nutrition. To target frailty, guidelines recommend supervised progressiv...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - March 28, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Multiple Mechanisms Explain Genetic Effects at the CPED1-WNT16 Bone Mineral Density Locus
AbstractPurpose of ReviewChromosome region 7q31.31, also known as theCPED1-WNT16 locus, is robustly associated with BMD and fracture risk. The aim of the review is to highlight experimental studies examining the function of genes at theCPED1-WNT16 locus.Recent FindingsGenes that reside at theCPED1-WNT16 locus includeWNT16,FAM3C,ING3,CPED1, andTSPAN12. Experimental studies in mice strongly support the notion thatWnt16 is necessary for bone mass and strength. In addition, roles forFam3c andIng3 in regulating bone morphology in vivo and/or osteoblast differentiation in vitro have been identified. Finally, a role forwnt16 in d...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - March 21, 2023 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
