Macrophage Polarization and the Osteoimmunology of Periprosthetic Osteolysis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewJoint replacement has revolutionized the treatment of end-stage arthritis. We highlight the key role of macrophages in the innate immune system in helping to ensure that the prosthesis-host interface remains biologically robust.Recent FindingsOsteoimmunology is of great interest to researchers investigating the fundamental biological and material aspects of joint replacement. Constant communication between cells of the monocyte/macrophage/osteoclast lineage and the mesenchymal stem cell-osteoblast lineage determines whether a durable prosthesis-implant interface is obtained, or whether implant loos...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 8, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Pathophysiology of Demineralization, Part I: Attrition, Erosion, Abfraction, and Noncarious Cervical Lesions
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewCompare pathophysiology for infectious and noninfectious demineralization disease relative to mineral maintenance, physiologic fluoride levels, and mechanical degradation.Recent FindingsEnvironmental acidity, biomechanics, and intercrystalline percolation of endemic fluoride regulate resistance to demineralization relative to osteopenia, noncarious cervical lesions, and dental caries.SummaryDemineralization is the most prevalent chronic disease in the world: osteoporosis (OP)>10%, dental caries ~100%. OP is severely debilitating while caries is potentially fatal. Mineralized tissues have a c...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 7, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Growth Factor Immobilization Strategies for Musculoskeletal Disorders
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTissue regenerative solutions for musculoskeletal disorders have become increasingly important with a growing aged population. Current growth factor treatments often require high dosages with the potential for off-target effects. Growth factor immobilization strategies offer approaches towards alleviating these concerns. This review summarizes current growth factor immobilization techniques (encapsulation, affinity interactions, and covalent binding) and the effects of immobilization on growth factor loading, release, and bioactivity.Recent FindingsThe breadth of immobilization techniques based on ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 4, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Bioenergetic Metabolism In Osteoblast Differentiation
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOsteoblasts are responsible for bone matrix production during bone development and homeostasis. Much is known about the transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways governing osteoblast differentiation. However, less is known about how osteoblasts obtain or utilize nutrients to fulfill the energetic demands associated with osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix synthesis. The goal of this review is to highlight and discuss what is known about the role and regulation of bioenergetic metabolism in osteoblasts with a focus on more recent studies.Recent FindingsBioenergetic metabolism has emer...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 3, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Correction to: Fracture Prediction by Computed Tomography and Finite Element Analysis: Current and Future Perspectives
(Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports)
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - February 3, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Evaluating Patients for Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review provides suggestions for the evaluation of patients with osteoporosis in order to assure that the diagnosis is correct, to identify potentially correctable conditions contributing to skeletal fragility and fracture risk, and to assist in individualizing management decisions.Recent FindingsSome patients who appear to have osteoporosis have another skeletal disease, such as osteomalacia, that requires further evaluation and treatment that is different than for osteoporosis. Many patients with osteoporosis have contributing factors (e.g., vitamin D deficiency, high fall risk) that should b...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - January 15, 2022 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
The Association Between Runx Signaling and Craniofacial Development and Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe Runx family genes (Runx1, Runx2, Runx3, andCbfb) are important transcriptional regulators in the development of various tissues. We herein highlight the roles of the Runx family genes in morphogenesis in the craniofacial regions and in the pathogenesis of congenital morphological problems in these regions.Recent FindingsA recent analysis using conditionalRunx mutant animals and a human genetic study identified the novel roles ofRunx genes in the development of the tooth, salivary glands, and the palate. In an animal study, Runx1/Cbfb signaling was found to regulate theLgr5 expression and mainta...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 21, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Fracture Patterns in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review of Recent Literature
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this narrative review, we have summarized the literature on fracture risk in T1DM and T2DM with a special focus on fracture site, time patterns, glucose-lowering drugs, and micro- and macrovascular complications.Recent FindingsT1DM and T2DM were associated with an overall increased fracture risk, with preferent locations at the hip, vertebrae, humerus, and ankle in T1DM and at the hip, vertebrae, and likely humerus, distal forearm, and foot in T2DM. Fracture risk was higher with longer diabetes duration and the presence of micro- and macrovascular complications. In T2DM, fracture risk was higher...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 21, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Finite Element Assessment of Bone Fragility from Clinical Images
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe re-evaluated clinical applications of image-to-FE models to understand if clinical advantages are already evident, which proposals are promising, and which questions are still open.Recent FindingsCT-to-FE is useful in longitudinal treatment evaluation and groups discrimination. In metastatic lesions, CT-to-FE strength alone accurately predicts impending femoral fractures. In osteoporosis, strength from CT-to-FE or DXA-to-FE predicts incident fractures similarly to DXA-aBMD. Coupling loads and strength (possibly in dynamic models) may improve prediction. One promising MRI-to-FE workflow may now b...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - December 21, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Osteocytes and Estrogen Deficiency
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPostmenopausal osteoporosis reduces circulating estrogen levels, which leads to osteoclast resorption, bone loss, and fracture. This review addresses emerging evidence that osteoporosis is not simply a disease of bone loss but that mechanosensitive osteocytes that regulate both osteoclasts and osteoblasts are also impacted by estrogen deficiency.Recent FindingsAt the onset of estrogen deficiency, the osteocyte mechanical environment is altered, which coincides with temporal changes in bone tissue composition. The osteocyte microenvironment is also altered, apoptosis is more prevalent, and hypermine...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 26, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Statistical Shape and Appearance Models: Development Towards Improved Osteoporosis Care
AbstractPurpose of ReviewStatistical models of shape and appearance have increased their popularity since the 1990s and are today highly prevalent in the field of medical image analysis. In this article, we review the recent literature about how statistical models have been applied in the context of osteoporosis and fracture risk estimation.Recent FindingsRecent developments have increased their ability to accurately segment bones, as well as to perform 3D reconstruction and classify bone anatomies, all features of high interest in the field of osteoporosis and fragility fractures diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. An i...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 13, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Osteocytes and Cancer
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWhile the function of osteocytes under physiologic conditions is well defined, their role and involvement in cancer disease remains relatively unexplored, especially in a context of non-bone metastatic cancer. This review will focus on describing the more advanced knowledge regarding the interactions between osteocytes and cancer.Recent FindingsWe will discuss the involvement of osteocytes in the onset and progression of osteosarcoma, with the common bone cancers, as well as the interaction that is established between osteocytes and multiple myeloma. Mechanisms responsible for cancer dissemination ...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 13, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) to Dissect the Underlying Mechanisms of Bone Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease and Rare Renal Diseases
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo describe the methods that can be used to obtain functional and mature osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and report the data obtained with this model in two peculiar diseases, namely pediatric chronic kidney disease-associated mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) and nephropathic cystinosis. To discuss future research possibilities in the field.Recent FindingsBone tissue undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life to maintain bone architecture; it involves two processes: bone formation and bone resorption with the coordinated activity of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 13, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
Osteocytes and Weightlessness
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOsteocytes are considered to be the cells responsible for mastering the remodeling process that follows the exposure to unloading conditions. Given the invasiveness of bone biopsies in humans, both rodents and in vitro culture systems are largely adopted as models for studies in space missions or in simulated microgravity conditions models on Earth.Recent FindingsAfter a brief recall of the main changes in bone mass and osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in space-related models, this review focuses on the potential role of osteocytes in directing these changes. The role of the best-known sign...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 12, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
FGF23 and Hypophosphatemic Rickets/Osteomalacia
AbstractPurpose of ReviewX-linked hypophosphatemia and tumor-induced osteomalacia are diseases characterized by hypophosphatemia with impaired proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption. Complete resection of responsible tumors is the first-line therapy for patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia. In contrast, phosphate and active vitamin D have been used for patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia and inoperable ones with tumor-induced osteomalacia. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathogenesis of these diseases and discuss about the new treatment.Recent FindingsExcessive FGF23 production has been shown to und...
Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports - November 10, 2021 Category: Orthopaedics Source Type: research
