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Anti-inflammatory Action of Statins in Cardiovascular Disease: the Role of Inflammasome and Toll-Like Receptor Pathways
AbstractAtherosclerosis is one type of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in which activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways is implicated. One of the most effective treatments for atherosclerosis is the use of statin medications. Recent studies have indicated that statins, in addition to their lipid-lowering effects, exert inhibitory and/or stimulatory effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLRs. Some of the statins lead to activation of the inflammasome and subsequently cause secretion of IL-1 β and IL-18. Thus, these actions may further aggravate the disease. On the other hand, some statins ca...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 5, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Clinical Pathway for Early Diagnosis of COVID-19: Updates from Experience to Evidence-Based Practice
AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is a significant global event in the history of infectious diseases. The SARS-CoV-2 appears to have originated from bats but is now easily transmissible among humans, primarily through droplet or direct contact. Clinical features of COVID-19 include high fever, cough, and fatigue which may progress to ARDS. Respiratory failure can occur rapidly after this. The primary laboratory findings include lymphopenia and eosinopenia. Elevated D-dimer, procalcitonin, and CRP levels may correlate with disease severity. Imaging findings include ground-glass opacities and patchy consolidation on CT scan. Mo...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - April 23, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Influence of Cosmetic Type and Distribution Channel on the Presence of Regulated Fragrance Allergens: Study of 2044 Commercial Products
AbstractContact dermatitis linked to cosmetic products is a very common reason for visits to the dermatologist, and in more than half the cases, it is due to an allergic reaction. Fragrances are most often the culprit. The aim of the study was to describe the common fragrance allergens in different categories of cosmetic products available on the European market. We wanted to assess the influence of cosmetic type and distribution channel on the presence of fragrance allergens. There are the allergens whose concentration exceeds 0.001% in leave-on products and 0.01% in rinse-off products. A total of 2044 commercial hygiene,...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - April 21, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) as a Potential Target for the Control of Intestinal Inflammation: Insights from an Immune and Bacteria Sensor Receptor
AbstractThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is widely expressed in immune and non-immune cells of the gut and its activation has been correlated to the outcome of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In ulcerative colitis and Crohn ’s disease, there is an excessive chronic inflammation with massive accumulation of leukocytes in the gut, in an attempt to constrain the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms on the damaged organ. Accordingly, it is known that dietary components, xenobiotics, and some chemicals or metabolites can activate AHR and induce the modulation of inflammatory responses. In fact, the AHR triggering by sp...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - April 10, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

New Insights into Asthma Inflammation: Focus on iNKT, MAIT, and γδT Cells
AbstractAsthma is a chronic immunological disease affecting all age groups, but often starting in childhood. Although it has long been ascribed to a single pathology, recent studies have highlighted its heterogeneity due to the potential involvement of various pathogenic mechanisms. Here, we present our current understanding of the role of innate-like T (ILT) cells in asthma pathogenesis. These cells constitute a specific family mainly comprising γδT, invariant natural killer (iNKT) and mucosal-associated invariant (MAIT) T cells. They all share the ability to massively secrete a wide range of cytokines in a T-cell recep...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - April 2, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

JAK Inhibitors: Prospects in Connective Tissue Diseases
AbstractThe dysregulation of the JAK –STAT pathway is associated with various immune disorders. Four JAK inhibitors have been approved for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and numerous JAK inhibitors are currently being tested in phase II and III trials for the treatment of various autoimmune inflammatory diseases. In this narrative review , we elucidate the involvement of the JAK–STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases (CTDs). We also discuss the efficacy of the first- and second-generation JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib, ruxolitinib, peficitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, solcitin...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Crosstalk Between Mast Cells and Adipocytes in Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions
AbstractExcessive fatty acids and glucose uptake support the infiltration of adipose tissue (AT) by a variety of immune cells including neutrophils, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, and mast cells (MCs). These cells promote inflammation by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators. The involvement of MCs in AT biology is supported by their accumulation in the AT of obese individuals along with significantly higher serum levels of MC-derived tryptase. AT-resident MCs under the influence of locally derived adipokines such as leptin become activated and release pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF α that worsens the inflammat...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 24, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

New Concepts and Technological Resources in Patient Education and Asthma Self-Management
AbstractAsthma is a chronic disease that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In general, the use of technology resources or electronic health (e-health) has been shown to have beneficial effects on patients with asthma. E-health can impact a broad section of patients and can be cost-effective and associated with high patient satisfaction. E-health may enable remote delivery of care, as well as timely access to health care, which are some of the common challenges faced by patients with asthma. Web-based asthma self-management systems have been found to improve quality of life, self-reported asthma sympto...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 24, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Immunogenetics of Kawasaki disease
AbstractKawasaki disease (KD) is a medium vessel vasculitis that affects young children. Despite extensive research over the last 50  years, the etiology of KD remains an enigma. Seasonal change in wind patterns was shown to have correlation with the epidemics of KD in Japan. Occurrence of disease in epidemiological clusters, seasonal variation, and a very low risk of recurrence suggest that KD is triggered by an infectious agen t. The identification of oligoclonal IgA response in the affected tissues suggests an antigen-driven inflammation. The recent identification of a viral antigen in the cytoplasm of bronchial ciliat...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 20, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Correction to: Targeted Anti-IL-5 Therapies and Future Therapeutics for Hypereosinophilic Syndrome and Rare Eosinophilic Conditions
Conclusion” section. (Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 17, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Maternal Nutritional Status and Development of Atopic Dermatitis in Their Offspring
AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading chronic skin inflammatory disease and the initial manifestation of atopic march. Available evidence supports the notion that primary prevention early in life leads to a decreased incidence of AD, thus possibly decreasing the subsequent occurrence of atopic march. Nutritional status is essential to a proper functioning immune system and is valued for its important role in AD. Essential nutrients, which include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, are transferred from the mother to the fetus through the placenta during gestation. Various nutrients, such as pol...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 9, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Role of Mast Cells in IgE-Independent Lung Diseases
AbstractMast cells (MCs) are granular cells of the innate immune system which develop from CD34+/CD117+ progenitors and play a role in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. They have a well-known role in allergic reactions following immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated activation of the cell-surface expressed IgE high-affinity receptor (Fc εRI). MCs can also respond to various other stimuli due to the expression of a variety of receptors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), immunoglobulin (IgG) receptors (FcγR), complement receptors such as C5a (CD88) expressed by skin MCs, neuropeptides receptors including nerve growth fac...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - February 20, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Animal Models of Autoimmune Liver Diseases: a Comprehensive Review
AbstractAutoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) are potentially life-threatening chronic liver diseases which include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and recently characterized IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis. They are caused by immune attack on hepatocytes or bile ducts, with different mechanisms and clinical manifestations. The etiologies of AILDs include a susceptible genetic background, environment insults, infections, and changes of commensal microbiota, but remain complicated. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms of AILDs is mandatory for early diagnosis and inte...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - February 18, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Using Baseline and Peak Serum Tryptase Levels to Diagnose Anaphylaxis: a Review
AbstractThe diagnosis of anaphylaxis relies on a suggestive clinical history after exposure to a potential triggering factor. Serum tryptase concentrations increase on degranulation of mast cells and therefore serum tryptase levels are measured to diagnose anaphylaxis. There is no standardized method for assessing total serum mast cell tryptase (MCT) in anaphylaxis. The Working Conference in 2010 proposed a consensus equation (peak MCT should be>  1.2x baseline tryptase + 2 ng/L) to diagnose acute mast cell activation (aMCA). Our objective was to narratively review the literature since the Working Conference in 201...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - February 6, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Current State of Biologic Therapies for Treatment of Refractory Asthma
AbstractAsthma is a heterogeneous disease, with the immune processes behind the chronic inflammation underlying this disorder differing between the various identified asthma endotypes. In addition to heterogeneity in underlying disease pathophysiology, asthmatics fall across a broad spectrum of disease severity and can vary greatly in their response to convention asthma therapies. A small percentage of patients with severe persistent asthma will remain uncontrolled despite treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and a long-acting beta-agonist. Less than two decades ago, there were few options for these treatment-r...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - January 23, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research