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Fish Allergy: Fishing for Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options
AbstractFish allergy is one of the most common food allergies. The currently recommended treatment commonly consists of avoiding all fish species. Recent literature suggests that these recommendations are overprotective for the majority of fish-allergic patients. This review summarizes recent findings and provides practical information regarding management of fish allergy in the individual patient. After precise history taking supported by additional specific IgE measurements and/or skin prick tests, fish-allergic patients can generally be categorized into the following clinical clusters: (A) poly-sensitized patients react...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 24, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Interleukin-35 Promotes Th9 Cell Differentiation in IgG4-Related Disorders: Experimental Data and Review of the Literature
In conclusion, our data demonstrate that IL-35 actively participates in the process of inflammation and plays an important role in Th9 differentiation resulting in an immunoglobulin class switch towards IgG4. (Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 24, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Machine Learning in Rheumatic Diseases
AbstractWith advances in information technology, the demand for using data science to enhance healthcare and disease management is rapidly increasing. Among these technologies, machine learning (ML) has become ubiquitous and indispensable for solving complex problems in many scientific fields, including medical science. ML allows the development of guidelines and framing of the evaluation system for complex diseases based on massive data. In the analysis of rheumatic diseases, which are chronic and remarkably heterogeneous, ML can be anticipated to be extremely helpful in deciphering and revealing the inherent interrelatio...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 16, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Current and Future Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
AbstractAtopic dermatitis is a common immunologic skin disease. Mild atopic dermatitis can be managed with emollients and topical therapies such as low potency topical steroids, which have a favorable safety profile. Severe atopic dermatitis, in contrast, is a challenging disease to treat. Topical therapies are typically inadequate for control of severe atopic dermatitis. When topical therapies fail, the mainstay of therapy for severe atopic dermatitis has traditionally been phototherapy or off-label use of systemic immunosuppressant treatment, yet systemic immunosuppressants all have significant potential toxicities, drug...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 1, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Treatments for Childhood Atopic Dermatitis: an Update on Emerging Therapies
AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is generally considered a T helper type 2 –dominated disease. Pediatric AD is usually less severe than adult AD, but it may present as moderate to severe lesions that are inadequately managed by current modalities including emollients/moisturizers, topical corticosteroids (TCSs), topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), and even systemic im munosuppressants (such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil). In addition, systemic immunosuppressants are often not recommended for childhood AD by the current guidelines due to their toxicities. Therefore, there is still...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - June 29, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Health Effects of Trimellitic Anhydride Occupational Exposure: Insights from Animal Models and Immunosurveillance Programs
AbstractAcid anhydrides are used by chemical industries as plasticizers. Trimellitic acid (TMA) is an acid anhydride widely utilized in factories to produce paints, varnishes, and plastics. In addition to causing direct irritant effects, TMA can augment antibody responses in exposed factory workers leading to occupational asthma. Therefore, industries producing TMA have implemented occupational immunosurveillance programs (OISPs) to ensure early diagnosis and medical management, involving exposure reduction/ complete removal of sensitized workers from exposure areas. Multiple animal models (mice strains, rat stains, guinea...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - June 26, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Type I Interferons in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
AbstractType I interferons (IFN-Is) are a very important group of cytokines that are produced by innate immune cells but also  act on adaptive immune cells. IFN-Is possess antiviral, antitumor, and anti-proliferative effects, as well are associated with the initiation and maintenance of autoimmune disorders. Studies have shown that aberrantly expressed IFN-Is and/or type I IFN-inducible gene signatures in the serum or tis sues of patients with autoimmune disorders are linked to their pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and disease activity. Type I interferonopathies with mutations in genes impacting the type I IFN sign...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - June 16, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Chronic Granulomatous Disease: a Comprehensive Review
AbstractChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency of phagocyte function due to defective NADPH oxidase (phox). Compared with the common types ofCYBB/gp91phox,NCF1/p47phox, andCYBA/p22phox deficiency,NCF4/p40phox deficiency is a mild and atypical form of CGD without invasive bacterial or fungal infections. It can be diagnosed using serum-opsonizedE.coli as a stimulus in dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay. Patients withCYBC1/Eros deficiency, a new and rare form of CGD, present as loss of respiratory burst and gp91phox expression in phagocytes. Neutrophils from patients with CGD are deficient in neutrophil e...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - June 9, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators: Emerging Therapeutic Candidates for Multiple Sclerosis
AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease in which unresolved and uncontrolled inflammation disrupts normal cellular homeostasis and leads to a pathological disease state. It has long been recognized that endogenously derived metabolic by-products of omega fatty acids, known as specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), are instrumental in resolving the pathologic inflammation. However, there is minimal data available on the functional status of SPMs in MS, despite the fact that MS presents a classical model of chronic inflammation. Studies to date indicate that dysfunction of the SPM biosynthet...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - June 2, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Cytoskeletal Organization and Cell Polarity in the Pathogenesis of Crohn ’s Disease
AbstractCrohn ’s disease (CD) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and affects diverse segments of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Although the underlying causes of CD are not completely known, it is believed that disruption of the intestinal barrier and cell polarity may contribute to pathogenesis. The formation of the intestinal epithelial barrier, which is mainly regulated by cytoskeletal modulations, and apico-basal cell polarity are two major and mutually dependent features of the intestinal epithelial layer. As this layer serves as an important barrier between the external environment an d the internal ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 29, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

COVID-19 and Asthma: Reflection During the Pandemic
AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and abnormal, overactivated innate immunity and “cytokine storms” have been proposed as potential pathological mechanisms for rapid COVID-19 progression. Theoretically, asthmatic patients should have increased susceptibility and severity for SARS-CoV-2 infection due to a deficient antiviral immune response and the tendency for exacerbation el icited by common respiratory viruses. However, existing studies have not shown an expected prevalence of asthmatic individual...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Omalizumab Updosing in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: an Overview of Real-World Evidence
AbstractChronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as the spontaneous development of itchy hives and/or angioedema due to known or unknown causes that last for at least 6  weeks. At any given time, CSU is believed to affect 0.5–1% of the global population. Omalizumab (a recombinant, humanized anti-immunoglobulin-E antibody) is the only approved treatment for antihistamine refractory CSU. However, ~ 30% of patients remain symptomatic at licensed doses of omalizum ab 150 mg and 300 mg, even after a treatment period of over 6 months. In the recent years, there have been several studies on updosing of the drug, sug...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 15, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Immunobiology of T Cells in Sj ögren’s Syndrome
AbstractSj ögren’s syndrome (SjS) is a systemic autoimmune disease marked by xerostomia (dry mouth), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (eye dryness), and other systematic disorders. Its pathogenesis involves an inflammatory process that is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into exocrine glands and other ti ssues. Although the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue and overproduction of autoantibodies by hyperactive B cells suggest that they may promote SjS development, treatment directed towards them fails to induce significant laboratory or clinical improvement. T cells are overwhelming infiltrators in most phases of ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 10, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Cutaneous Vasculitis: Review on Diagnosis and Clinicopathologic Correlations
AbstractCutaneous vasculitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the dermal blood vessel walls. The skin is a privileged organ in the setting of vasculitis since it is easily accessible for physical examination and safe biopsy, allowing an accurate characterization of inflammatory lesions. The skin is often involved. Also, cutaneous vasculitis can reflect a cutaneous component of a systemic vasculitis, a skin-limited or skin-dominant expression or variant of a systemic vasculitis, or be a single-organ vasculitis per se. Vasculitis lesions are multiple and polymorphic. They may induce a wide spectrum of clinical manifestat...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 5, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Resolving Clinical Phenotypes into Endotypes in Allergy: Molecular and Omics Approaches
AbstractAllergic diseases are highly complex with respect to pathogenesis, inflammation, and response to treatment. Current efforts for allergic disease diagnosis have focused on clinical evidence as a binary outcome. Although outcome status based on clinical phenotypes (observable characteristics) is convenient and inexpensive to measure in large studies, it does not adequately provide insight into the complex molecular determinants of allergic disease. Individuals with similar clinical diagnoses do not necessarily have similar disease etiologies, natural histories, or responses to treatment. This heterogeneity contribute...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 5, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research