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Correction to: Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Vitiligo
(Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 6, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Comparison of Guidelines for Management of Pemphigus: a Review of Systemic Corticosteroids, Rituximab, and Other Immunosuppressive Therapies
AbstractPemphigus is a severe autoimmune bullous dermatosis that affects the skin and/or mucosa, and it may be life-threatening without proper treatment. The guidelines and/or consensus statements for treatment vary widely between groups. We selected 6 guidelines and consensus statements established by different associations about the management of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and/or pemphigus foliaceus (PF) to review, compare, and contrast the similarities and differences of these recommendations and provide optimal management suggestions to physicians. Corticosteroids remain a first-line therapy for pemphigus, but there are m...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 4, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Update on the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Atopic Dermatitis
AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disorder characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense itch. Although it most often starts in infancy and affects children, it is also highly prevalent in adults. In this article, the main aspects of AD have been updated, with a focus on the pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, and it is evident that a strong genetic predisposition, epidermal dysfunction, skin microbiome abnormalities, immune dysregulation, and the neuroimmune system are critical in AD development. Mutations in the genes associated with disrupted ep...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 2, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Systemic Contact Dermatitis: The Routes of Allergen Entry
AbstractSystemic contact dermatitis (SCD) is a generalized reactivation of type IV hypersensitivity skin diseases in individuals with previous sensitization after a contact allergen is administered systemically. Patients with SCD may consider their dermatitis unpredictable and recalcitrant since the causative allergens are difficult to find. If a patient has a pattern of dermatitis suggestive of SCD but fails to improve with conventional treatment, SCD should be taken into consideration. If doctors are not familiar with the presentations of SCD and the possible routes of allergen sensitization and exposure, the diagnosis o...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 2, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Hypersensitivity Reactions to Platinum Agents and Taxanes
AbstractHypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to chemotherapy agents can present a serious challenge to treating patients with preferred or first-line therapies. Allergic reactions through an immunologic mechanism have been established for platinum and taxane agents, which are used to treat a wide variety of cancers including gynecologic cancers. Platin HSRs typically occur after multiple cycles of chemotherapy, reflecting the development of drug IgE sensitization, while taxane HSRs often occur on first or second exposure. Despite observed differences between platin and taxane HSRs, drug desensitization has been an effective m...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 2, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Hypersensitivity and Immune-related Adverse Events in Biologic Therapy
AbstractBiologic medications are an expanding field of therapeutics for various medical conditions including cancer and inflammatory diseases. Due to their targeted approach to therapy, biologics can be less toxic than traditional systemic medications. However, as use becomes more widespread, adverse effects from biologic administration have also become apparent. Immune-related adverse events are a common mechanism by which biologics can cause on-target immune-related toxicities and both immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions can be mediated by cytokine release or antibo...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 28, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Newborn Screening in the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency
This article provides an overview of newborn screening for SCID, recommended steps for follow-up testing and early intervention as well as long-term follow-up. Numerous challenges remain, including the development of clinical consensus regarding confirmatory and diagnostic testing, early interventions, and best practices for immune reconstitution in affected infants. (Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 22, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Vitiligo
AbstractVitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by epidermal melanocyte loss resulting in white patches, with an approximate prevalence of 0.5 –2% worldwide. Several precipitating factors by chemical exposure and skin injury present commonly in patients with vitiligo. Although the diagnosis appears to be straightforward for the distinct clinical phenotype and specific histological features, vitiligo provides many challenges including chr onicity, treatment resistance, frequent relapse, associated profound psychosocial effect, and negative impact on quality of life. Multiple mechanisms are involved in ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 20, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Current Perspectives on Severe Drug Eruption
Abstract Adverse drug reactions involving the skin are commonly known as drug eruptions. Severe drug eruption may cause severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs), which are considered to be fatal and life-threatening, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Although cases are relatively rare, approximately 2% of hospitalized patients are affected by SCARs. There is an incidence of 2 to 7 cases/million per year of SJS/TEN and 1/1000 to 1/10,000 exposures to offend...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 17, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Contact Dermatitis: Classifications and Management
AbstractContact dermatitis (CD) is a common inflammatory skin disease caused by exposure to contact allergens and irritants. It is also the most common reason of occupational dermatitis and contributes greatly to hand dermatitis and facial dermatitis. Besides the two major forms of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis, other subtypes of CD have been recognized including immediate skin reactions, photoinduced contact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, and non-eczematous contact dermatitis. CD is a great imitator which can mimic many kinds of skin diseases, such as atopic derm...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 15, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Perioperative Anaphylaxis: Evaluation and Management
AbstractPerioperative anaphylaxis (PA) is a rare but life-threatening condition that poses diagnostic and management challenges in the operating room. The incidence of severe perioperative reactions is estimated to be approximately 1:7000 –10,000. Management involves both immediate stabilization of the patient and identifying the culprit agent. Identification is essential to prevent recurrence of the event in subsequent surgeries and to avoid unnecessary labeling of drug allergy. Identifying all possible exposures including medicat ions, disinfectants, latex, and dyes and choosing the appropriate tests are essential for ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 10, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Agammaglobulinemia: from X-linked to Autosomal Forms of Disease
AbstractInterruptions or alterations in the B cell development pathway can lead to primary B cell immunodeficiency with resultant absence or diminished immunoglobulin production. While the most common cause of congenital agammaglobulinemia is X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), accounting for approximately 85% of cases, other genetic forms of agammaglobulinemia have been identified. Early recognition and diagnosis of these conditions are pivotal for improved outcomes and prevention of sequelae and complications. The diagnosis of XLA is often delayed, and can be missed if patient has a mild phenotype. The lack of correlation...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 9, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Comparison of Diagnostic Criteria for Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders (CVID) in the New Zealand CVID Cohort Study
AbstractCommon variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) are the most frequent symptomatic primary immune deficiencies in adults and children. In addition to recurrent and severe infections, patients with CVID are susceptible to autoimmune and inflammatory complications. The aetiologies of these uncommon conditions are, by definition, unknown. When the causes of complex disorders are uncertain, diagnostic criteria may offer valuable guidance to the management of patients. Over the last two decades, there have been four sets of diagnostic criteria for CVID in use. The original 1999 European Society for Immunodeficiencies a...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 8, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Improving the Efficacy of Regulatory T Cell Therapy
AbstractAutoimmunity is caused by an unbalanced immune system, giving rise to a variety of organ-specific to system disorders. Patients with autoimmune diseases are commonly treated with broad-acting immunomodulatory drugs, with the risk of severe side effects. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have the inherent capacity to induce peripheral tolerance as well as tissue regeneration and are therefore a prime candidate to use as cell therapy in patients with autoimmune disorders. (Pre)clinical studies using Treg therapy have already established safety and feasibility, and some show clinical benefits. However, Tregs are known to be ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 5, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Risk Factors for the Development of the Disease in Antiphospholipid Antibodies Carriers: A Long-term Follow-up Study
The objectives of the present study were (a) to study the probability of developing clinical criteria of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), (b) to identify potential risk factors for developing thrombosis and/or obstetric complications, (c) to study the association between the antibody profile and development of APS, and (d) to determine the efficacy of primary prophylaxis. We retrospectively analyzed 138 subjects with positive aPL who did not fulfill clinical criteria for APS. The mean follow-up time was 138  ± 63.0 months. Thirteen patients (9.4%) developed thrombosis after an average period of 73.0 ± 48.0 months. ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 3, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research