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The Immunopathology of Complement Proteins and Innate Immunity in Autoimmune Disease
AbstractThe complement is a powerful cascade of the innate immunity and also acts as a bridge between innate and acquired immune defence. Complement activation can occur via three distinct pathways, the classical, alternative and lectin pathways, each resulting in the common terminal pathway. Complement activation results in the release of a range of biologically active molecules that significantly contribute to immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis. Several soluble and membrane-bound regulatory proteins restrict complement activation in order to prevent complement-mediated autologous damage, consumption and exacerbat...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - December 12, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Mast Cell Biology at Molecular Level: a Comprehensive Review
AbstractMast cells (MCs) are portions of the innate and adaptive immune system derived from bone marrow (BM) progenitors that are rich in cytoplasmic granules. MC maturation, phenotype, and function are determined by their microenvironment. MCs accumulate at inflammatory sites associated with atopy, wound healing, and malignancies. They interact with the external environment and are predominantly located in close proximity of blood vessels and sensory nerves. MCs are key initiators and modulators of allergic, anaphylactic, and other inflammatory reactions, by induction of vasodilation, promoting of vascular permeability, r...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - December 11, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Innate-like Lymphocytes and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Asthma
AbstractAsthma is a chronic pulmonary disease, highly associated with immune disorders. The typical symptoms of asthma include airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway remodeling, mucus overproduction, and airflow limitation. The etiology of asthma is multifactorial and affected by genetic and environmental factors. Increasing trends toward dysbiosis, smoking, stress, air pollution, and a western lifestyle may account for the increasing incidence of asthma. Based on the presence or absence of eosinophilic inflammation, asthma is mainly divided into T helper 2 (Th2) and non-Th2 asthma. Th2 asthma is mediated by allergen-spe...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - November 26, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Timing of Cow ’s Milk or Cow’s Milk Formula Introduction to the Infant Diet and Atopic Risk in Children: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
This study aims to systematically review the evidence describing the effects of timing of CM or cow’s milk formula (CMF) introduction to the infant diet on the development of atopic diseases during childhood. Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and CNKI were sea rched through May 30, 2019. Study screening and data extraction by two reviewers followed the PRISMA statement. Data were extracted independently in duplicate, and meta-analyses were performed by pooling unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) separately. Heterogeneity was explored usingI2 and publication bias by funnel plots and Begg ’s tests. In total, ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - November 24, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Perspective: Evolving Concepts in the Diagnosis and Understanding of Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders (CVID)
AbstractCommon variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) are the most frequent symptomatic primary immune deficiency in adults. At this time, the causes of these conditions are unknown. Patients with CVID experience immune system failure consequent to late onset antibody failure. They have increased susceptibility to infections and are also at risk of severe autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as a result of immune dysregulation. An increasing number of monogenic causes as well as a digenic disorder have been described in patients with a CVID phenotype. If a causative mutation is identified, patients are removed from th...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - November 12, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Clinical Management of Primary Biliary Cholangitis —Strategies and Evolving Trends
AbstractPBC is a chronic progressive autoimmune disorder involving the destruction of intrahepatic small bile ducts, cholestasis, fibrosis, and ultimately cirrhosis if left untreated. It is largely driven by the autoimmune response, but bile acids and the intestinal microbiota are implicated in disease progression as well. The only drugs licensed for PBC are UDCA and OCA. UDCA as a first-line and OCA as a second-line therapy are safe and effective, but the lack of response in a significant portion of patients and inadequate control of symptoms such as fatigue and pruritus remain as concerns. Liver transplantation is an end...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - November 10, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Myth of Mycotoxins and Mold Injury
AbstractIn recent years, mold has been blamed for many symptoms or a constellation of symptoms. These symptoms are usually vague and subjective and difficult or impossible to measure or quantify. Moreover, there is no scientific evidence that mold has anything to do with these symptoms. In particular, the concept of toxic mold syndrome has permeated the public consciousness, and mycotoxins have falsely been associated with autoimmune diseases and a variety of other conditions. In fact, there is no evidence that the presence of mycotoxins in the air is enough to cause any disease known to man. Molds legitimately can cause a...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - October 12, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Methanogenic Archaea: Emerging Partners in the Field of Allergic Diseases
AbstractArchaea, which form one of four domains of life alongside Eukarya, Bacteria, and giant viruses, have long been neglected as components of the human microbiota and potential opportunistic infectious pathogens. In this review, we focus on methanogenic Archaea, which rely on hydrogen for their metabolism and growth. On one hand, methanogenic Archaea in the gut are functional associates of the fermentative digestion of dietary fibers, favoring the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids and likely contributing to the weaning reaction during the neonatal window of opportunity. On the other hand, methanogenic Ar...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - September 13, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Cholangiocarcinoma in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): a Comprehensive Review
AbstractCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common malignancy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and carries a high rate of mortality. Although the pathogenesis of CCA in PSC is largely unknown, inflammation-driven carcinogenesis concomitant with various genetic and epigenetic abnormalities are underlying factors. The majority of CCA cases develop from a dominant stricture (DS), which is defined as a stricture with a diameter<  1.5 mm in the common bile duct or<  1.0 mm in the hepatic duct. In PSC patients presenting with an abrupt aggravation of jaundice, pain, fatigue, pruritus, weight los...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 27, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Prediction of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune disease associated with major obstetrical complications such as gestational loss, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preeclampsia. Published literature is not consensual regarding the main risk factors for each of these outcomes. Our goal with this study was to determine the most important predictors for each of the main adverse pregnancy outcomes in this population. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of unifetal pregnancies of women with the diagnosis of SLE followed in our unit between January 1994 and December 2016. We excluded ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 22, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Observational Studies
AbstractDiffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a rare but potentially deadly manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of DAH in SLE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of previous observational studies compared the clinical characteristics and risk factors between DAH-SLE and SLE patients without DAH. A total of 5 observational studies were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the SLE patients without DAH, DAH-SLE patients had a significantly higher incidence of neuropsychiatric events (OR  = 4.321, 95% CI (1.68...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 21, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Extrarenal Immune-Mediated Disorders Linked with Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis: a Systematic Review
AbstractStreptococcus A infections have been associated with immune-mediated sequelae including acute glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, Henoch-Sch önlein purpura, arthritis, uveitis, guttate psoriasis, and erythema nodosum. Available reviews do not report the occurrence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in association with one of the mentioned conditions. We performed a systematic review of the literature on extrarenal immune-medi ated disorders associated with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The principles recommended by the Economic and Social Research...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 7, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Systemic Amyloidosis: a Contemporary Overview
AbstractAmyloidosis constitutes a large spectrum of diseases characterized by an extracellular deposition of a fibrillar aggregate, generating insoluble and toxic amasses that may be deposited in tissues in bundles with an abnormal cross- β-sheet conformation, known as amyloid. Amyloid may lead to a cell damage and an impairment of organ function. Several different proteins are recognized as able to produce amyloid fibrils with a different tissue tropism related to the molecular structure. The deposition of amyloid may occur as a c onsequence of the presence of an abnormal protein, caused by high plasma levels of a norma...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - August 1, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Asthma Phenotypes as a Guide for Current and Future Biologic Therapies
AbstractAsthma has been increasingly recognized as being a heterogeneous disease with multiple distinct mechanisms and pathophysiologies. Evidence continues to build regarding the existence of different cell types, environmental exposures, pathogens, and other factors that produce a similar set of symptoms known collectively as asthma. This has led to a movement from a “one size fits all” symptom-based methodology to a more patient-centered, individualized approach to asthma treatment targeting the underlying disease process. A significant contributor to this shift to more personalized asthma therapy has been the incre...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 28, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Fungi and Atopy
AbstractAtopy and fungi have a long associative history. Fungal spores were among the first substances to which humans were noted to be sensitized. Humans contact fungal spores in the outdoor, indoor, and occupational environments. As organisms, fungi have their own kingdom and are found in all environmental niches on earth. Currently, fungal exposure in the indoor environment especially related to wet housing conditions is of particular concern. Sensitization rates to fungi typically exceed 5% of the general public with higher rates among the atopic population. Alternaria is the best studied of the allergic fungi; however...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - July 18, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research