Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Natural Antibodies: from First-Line Defense Against Pathogens to Perpetual Immune Homeostasis
AbstractNatural antibodies (nAbs) are most commonly defined as immunoglobulins present in the absence of pathological conditions or deliberate immunizations. Occurrence of nAbs in germ- and antigen-free mice suggest that their production is driven, at least in part, by self-antigens. Accordingly, nAbs are constituted of natural autoantibodies (nAAbs), and can belong to the IgM, IgG, or IgA subclasses. These nAbs provide immediate protection against infection while the adaptive arm of the immune system mounts a specific and long-term response. Beyond immediate protection from infection, nAbs have been shown to play various ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - June 2, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Innate Part of the Adaptive Immune System
AbstractThe innate immune response provides a first line of defense against common microorganisms and, for more complex and/or recurring situations where pathogens must be eliminated, an adaptive immune response has emerged and evolved to provide better protection against subsequent infections. However, such dichotomy has to be reevaluated because innate B cells (e.g., B1 and marginal zone B cells) and the newly described innate lymphoid cells (iLC) have been found to exhibit innate-like properties, such as antigen internalization, regulatory B cell functions, and helper T cell activities. In addition, the production and f...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 31, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Autoinflammatory Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy for Adult-Onset Still ’s Disease
AbstractAdult-onset Still ’s disease (AOSD) is a rare multisystem autoinflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. AOSD is generally characterized by high spiking fever, arthralgia or arthritis, skin rash, leukocytosis, and hyperferritinemia. Traditionally, AOSD has been treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, co rticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. An increasing number of studies have shown that proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, -18, -6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, play key roles in AOSD and may serve as therapeutic targets. In the current review, we provided insights into the roles of th...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 29, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Complement System: a Neglected Pathway in Immunotherapy
AbstractApproved for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, hematological malignancies, and solid cancers, several monoclonal antibodies (mAb) make use of complement in their mechanism of action. Such an assessment is based on comprehensive investigations that used mouse models, in vitro studies, and analyses from patients at initiation (basal level to highlight deficiencies) and after treatment initiation (mAb impact on complement), which have further provided key insights into the importance of the complement activation and/or complement deficiencies in mAb activity. Accordingly, new approaches can now be developed with t...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 28, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Toll-Like Receptors, Infections, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
AbstractToll-like receptors (TLR) that belong to the group of protein recognition receptor (PPR) provide an innate immune response following the sensing of conserved pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPs) and changes in danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are generated as a consequence of cellular injury. Analysis of the TLR pathway has moreover offered new insights into the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Indeed, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response characterizes RA patients and participates in establishment of a chronic inflammatory state. Such an inappropriate TLR response has been attr...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 28, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Clinical, Immunological, and Genetic Features in Patients with Activated PI3K δ Syndrome (APDS): a Systematic Review
AbstractActivated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS) is a novel primary immunodeficiency (PID) caused by heterozygous gain of function mutations in PI3K δ catalytic p110δ (PIK3CD) or regulatory p85 α (PIK3R1) subunits leading to APDS1 and APDS2, respectively. Patients with APDS present a spectrum of clinical manifestations, particularly recurrent respiratory infections and lymphoproliferation. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for APDS patients and screened for eligibility criteria. A total of 243 APDS patients were identified from 55 articles. For all patients, demographic, clinical,...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 20, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Impact of Environmental Chronic and Toxic Stress on Asthma
AbstractSeveral factors have been associated with the development of asthma and asthma-related morbidity and mortality. Exposures in the environment such as allergens and air pollutants have traditionally been linked to the risk of asthma and asthma outcomes. More recent literature has identified chronic psychosocial stress as an additional environmental exposure to consider in relation to asthma. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) and chronic and toxic stress have been associated with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic stress has also been shown to resu...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 10, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Therapeutic Antibodies for Nasal Polyposis Treatment: Where Are We Headed?
AbstractThis review article aims to outline what is known in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and describe the mechanism of the biologic agents being investigated for this disease. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal mucosa, which causes symptoms of nasal obstruction, hyposmia, and rhinorrhea. Conventional therapy for CRSwNP includes intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) and polypectomy, but INCS offer only modest benefits, and recurrence after surgery is common. Therefore, effective pharmacologic therapies for CRSwNP are b...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - May 9, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Asthma and Allergies in the School Environment
AbstractThe school is a complex microenvironment of indoor allergens, pollutants, and other exposures. The school represents an occupational model for children and exposures in this environment have a significant health effect. Current research establishes an association between school exposure and asthma morbidity in children. This review will focus on common school environmental exposures (cockroach, rodents, cat, dog, classroom pets, dust mite, fungus, and pollution) and their impact on children with allergies and asthma. Understanding and evaluation of school-based environments is needed to help guide school-based inte...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - April 30, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders
AbstractEosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID) are a group of disorders characterized by pathologic eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or colon leading to organ dysfunction and clinical symptoms (J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr; Spergel et al., 52: 300 –306,2011). These disorders include eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), eosinophilic gastritis (EG), eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE), eosinophilic enteritis (EE), and eosinophilic colitis (EC). Symptoms are dependent not only on the location (organ) as well as extent (layer invasion of the bowel wall). Common symptoms of EoE include d...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 21, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Role of Environmental Controls in Managing Asthma in Lower-Income Urban Communities
AbstractChildren living in lower-income urban communities are at much greater risk of developing asthma, going to the emergency department for an asthma attack and being hospitalized for asthma than children living in upper- and middle-income communities. For many asthmatic children living in urban communities, especially those with greater morbidity, the allergic pathway is important in the etiology of the disease. The stages of developing allergic disease can be divided into the onset of allergic sensitization, development of allergic disease and subsequent exacerbations, and it is useful to consider the relevance of int...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 21, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Allergic Comorbidity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Mechanistic Relevance and Clinical Implications
AbstractAllergic eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergen-mediated inflammatory disease of the esophagus, and the most common cause of prolonged dysphagia in children and young adults in the developed world. While initially undistinguished from gastroesophageal reflux disease-associated esophageal eosinophilia, EoE is now recognized as a clinically distinct entity that shares fundamental inflammatory features of other allergic conditions and is similarly increasing in incidence and prevalence. The clinical and epidemiologic associations between EoE and other allergic manifestations are well established. In add...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 21, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Comprehensive Analysis of Serum and Fecal Bile Acid Profiles and Interaction with Gut Microbiota in Primary Biliary Cholangitis
AbstractAccumulation of bile acids (BAs) contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Here, we sought to systematically characterize the serum and fecal BA profiles and the linkage between BAs and gut microbiota in PBC. The serum and fecal BAs were compared between 65 UDCA treatment-naive PBC and 109 healthy controls using UPLC-MS in cross-sectional study. In a prospective study, a subgroup of patients was enrolled for BA and microbiota analysis before and after UDCA therapy. BA compositions in serum and feces significantly differed between treatment-naive PBC and controls. Particular...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - March 20, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Effects of Air Pollution on the Development of Atopic Disease
AbstractAir pollution is defined as the presence of noxious substances in the air at levels that impose a health hazard. Thus, there has been long-standing interest in the possible role of indoor and outdoor air pollutants on the development of respiratory disease. In this regard, asthma has been of particular interest but many studies have also been conducted to explore the relationship between air pollution, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Traffic-related air pollutants or TRAP refers to a broad group of pollutants including elemental carbon, black soot, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - February 26, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review
AbstractFood protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE-mediated food allergy that has been well-characterized clinically, yet it is still poorly understood. Acute FPIES is characterized by vomiting 1 –4 h and/or diarrhea within 24 h after ingestion of a culprit food. Chronic FPIES is the result of chronic exposure to an offending food that can result in chronic watery diarrhea, intermittent vomiting, and failure to thrive. FPIES typically presents in infancy and self-resolves by school age i n most patients. Adult-onset FPIES is rare, but it has been reported. Cow’s milk and soy are the most common ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - February 8, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research