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Severe Recurrent Bacterial Pneumonia Among Children Living With HIV
Background: Bacterial pneumonia imparts a major morbidity and mortality burden on children living with HIV, yet effective prevention and treatment options are underutilized. We explored clinical factors associated with severe recurrent bacterial pneumonia among children living with HIV. Methods: Children enrolled in the TREAT Asia Pediatric HIV Observational Database were included if they started antiretroviral therapy (ART) on or after January 1st, 2008. Factors associated with severe recurrent bacterial pneumonia were assessed using competing-risk regression. Results: A total of 3,944 children were incl...
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Reports Source Type: research

Improved Hematologic Outcomes in HIV1-Exposed Infants Receiving Nevirapine Compared With Zidovudine for Postnatal Prophylaxis in a High Resource Setting
In the ANRS French Perinatal Cohort, we compared outcomes in 830 HIV1-exposed infants who received either nevirapine (NVP) or zidovudine postnatal prophylaxis. At 1 month, anemia grade ≥2 was less frequent on NVP than zidovudine (2.9% vs. 8.0%; P = 0.01), favoring the use of NVP as a first choice prophylaxis in infants at low risk of HIV acquisition. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Reports Source Type: research

Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Response to Direct-acting Antivirals Among Adolescents With HIV/HCV Coinfection: Real-world Data From Ukraine
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have been approved for treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in children and adolescents. Although DAAs have been used in real-world settings for the treatment of HCV monoinfected adolescents, few reports of real-world use of DAAs in children and adolescents who are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are available. We evaluated the real-world safety and effectiveness of DAAs in HIV/HCV coinfected adolescents from the Ukraine Paediatric HIV Cohort Study including all those for whom treatment outcomes were available by April 2021. Overall, 6 coinfected adolescents had receiv...
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Reports Source Type: research

Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ampicillin-sulbactam in Pediatric Patients Using Plasma and Urine Data
Conclusions: From the results of this PK/PD approach, 75 mg/kg q.i.d. (Food and Drug Administration–approved maximum dosage) should be recommended in the empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Antimicrobial Reports Source Type: research

High Diversity of emm Types and Marked Tetracycline Resistance of Group A Streptococci and Other ß-Hemolytic Streptococci in Gabon, Central Africa
Conclusions: Tetracycline resistance and emm type diversity was high among BHS carriers in Gabon with a potential coverage of 58% by the 30-valent GABHS vaccine. A relevant overlap of carrier emm types with emm types found in tonsillopharyngitis and pyoderma characterizes a shared pool of circulating BHS strains. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Antimicrobial Reports Source Type: research

Feasibility of a “Salvage Regimen” Using Home-based Intravenous Meropenem Therapy With a Delamanid/Bedaquilline Containing Regimen in the Management of MDR/XDR Pediatric Tuberculosis
Conclusions: Home-based meropenem therapy using peripherally inserted central catheter is feasible with few adverse effects. This can be a promising strategy in the management of MDRFQ/SLI/XDR-TB when an effective oral regimen cannot be otherwise constituted and needs to be explored further. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Antimicrobial Reports Source Type: research

Antimicrobial Stewardship at Birth in Preterm Infants: Not Just About a Decrease!
Background: Early-onset sepsis results in increased morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) address the need to balance adverse effects of antibiotic exposure with the need for empiric treatment for infants at the highest risk for early-onset sepsis. Methods: All preterm infants (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Antimicrobial Reports Source Type: research

Sapovirus, Norovirus and Rotavirus Detections in Stool Samples of Hospitalized Finnish Children With and Without Acute Gastroenteritis
Conclusions: We showed that the most common viruses causing gastroenteritis in children may be found in the stools of an asymptomatic carrier which may function as a potential reservoir for AGE. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

High Prevalence of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease in Child Household Contacts of Adults With Rifampin-resistant Tuberculosis
Background: Household contact (HHC) investigation is an important strategy to identify individuals with tuberculosis (TB) exposure, infection and disease, including those who may benefit from tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). Data in children exposed to rifampin-resistant TB are limited. Methods: In preparation for and to inform the feasibility of an interventional trial, HHC of adults with pulmonary rifampin-resistant TB from high TB-burden countries were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Using interferon-gamma release assay and study-specific and 2015 international consensus definitions of intrathorac...
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

Association Between Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Cycle Threshold Value and Clinical Severity in Neonates and Infants Infected With Bordetella pertussis
Conclusions: Real-time PCR Ct values for pertussis might be useful as a predictor of severe disease in neonates and infants. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

The Impact of Australian Childhood Vaccination Mandates on Immunization Specialists and Their Interactions With Families
Conclusions: Mandatory vaccination policies are associated with increased vaccination coverage but can result in widened financial and social inequity, and may harm families’ relationships with health care providers. Countries considering the implementation of vaccination mandates should use the least restrictive health policies to ensure a balance between the public health and individual benefit whilst minimizing burdens on health care professionals, children and their parents. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

Clinical Characteristics and Etiology of Community-acquired Pneumonia in US Children, 2015–2018
Conclusions: Rhinovirus/enterovirus and RSV among viruses and M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae among bacteria were the most common pathogens detected in children with CAP. Tachypnea and chest radiographs with consolidation and/or pleural effusion were associated with hospitalization. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

Rotavirus Infection in Children
This study aimed to determine the disease burden and strain distribution of rotavirus in children with diarrhea (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

Association of Prenatal Antibiotics and Mode of Birth With Otolaryngology Surgery in Offspring: A National Data Linkage Study
Conclusions: Antibiotic exposure in pregnancy and cesarean section may adversely affect early immune development and increase the risk of recurrent upper airway infections and allergy/atopy that may require otolaryngology surgery. Mechanistic studies are warranted to explore genetic and/or molecular pathways that explain these findings. This may identify potential therapeutic targets to reduce the burden of otolaryngology surgery. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

Pediatric Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Mycobacteria Tuberculosis Complex: A 26-Year Review of Cases in San Diego, CA
Conclusion: Among the 21 children with MTB complex OAI assessed, 8 of 15 (53.3%) children with a positive tissue culture had M. bovis, representing a higher percentage than in previous reports and potentially reflecting its presence in unpasteurized dairy products in the California-Baja region. Bone biopsy produced the highest culture yield in this study. Given the rarity of this disease, multicenter collaborative studies are needed to improve our understanding of the presentation and management of pediatric MTB complex OAI. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - April 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research