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Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF and Mycobacterial Culture on Multiple Specimen Types for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Disease in Young Children and Clinical Characterization According to Standardized Research Case Definitions
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of illness and death in children globally. Improved bacteriologic and clinical diagnostic approaches in children are urgently needed. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, a consecutive series of young ( (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Translational Medicine Reports Source Type: research

Guillain-Barré Syndrome in a Child With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Related to COVID-19
Guillain-Barré syndrome has been associated with acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in children. Here, we report a 4-year-old boy who developed Guillain-Barré syndrome in the course of multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: COVID Reports Source Type: research

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Not Associated With Pediatric Appendicitis
Although case reports have suggested an association between severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 and appendicitis, we found that the overall incidence of appendicitis was stable throughout the pandemic at our tertiary pediatric hospital. Furthermore, we did not find evidence of CoV2 infection in 9 appendicitis tissues. Therefore, we conclude that severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 infection of the appendix is not a common etiologic cause of pediatric appendicitis (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: COVID Reports Source Type: research

Antibody Seronegativity in COVID-19 RT-PCR–Positive Children
This substudy of a prospective case-ascertained household transmission study investigated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction–positive individuals without antibody development and factors associated with nonseroconversion. Approximately 1 of 8 individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 did not seroconvert. Children, particularly the youngest, were approximately half as likely to seroconvert compared with adults. Apart from the absence of fever/chills, individual symptoms did not strongly predict nonseroconversion. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: COVID Reports Source Type: research

Rapid Antigen Tests For Safe School Opening in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era
Conclusions: Safe continuation of academic routine during the pandemic is possible when using rapid Ag-RDT as a screening tool, while allowing swab collection by trained students and teachers. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: COVID Reports Source Type: research

COVID-19 in Children: Correlation Between Epidemiologic, Clinical Characteristics, and RT-qPCR Cycle Threshold Values
The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between epidemiology, clinical characteristics, severity of confirmed COVID-19 cases, and Ct values. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. All children with COVID-19 under 18 years old admitted to the Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital between March 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021, were included. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed using RT-qPCR. Results: Median age of patients was 7 years. Ct values were estimated in 419 cases, median Ct value was 23.5 [interquartile range (IQR): 18.9–30.9]. Levels were significantly l...
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: COVID Reports Source Type: research

Orbito-Frontal Cortex Hypometabolism in Children With Post-COVID Condition (Long COVID): A Preliminary Experience
We describe 3 children with new-onset neurocognitive problems after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), that showed, at the brain [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, hypometabolism in the left orbito-frontal region. The voxel-wise analysis confirmed a cluster of hypometabolic voxels in this region with a peak at −18/46/−4mm (179 voxels, T-Score 8.1). These findings may explain neurocognitive symptoms that some children develop after COVID-19 and require further investigations (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: COVID Reports Source Type: research

An Approach to the Treatment of Children With COVID-19
There are limited data to guide treatment recommendations for children with acute, symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review outlines a proposed management approach for children based on the published evidence to date and the approval of medications through drug regulatory agencies, as well as the known safety profile of the recommended drugs in this age group. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: COVID Reports Source Type: research

Acylcarnitines and Genetic Variation in Fat Oxidation Genes in HIV-infected, Antiretroviral-treated Children With and Without Myopathy
Conclusion: FAO appears to be altered in HIV-infected children with and without myopathy, but abnormal FAO does not fully explain myopathy in ARV-exposed children. Further study of SLC22A5 variation in ARV-exposed people is warranted carnitine transporter dysfunction-related cardiomyopathy may be treatable. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Reports Source Type: research

A Longitudinal Study of Spontaneous Gut Decolonization of Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria in Neonatal and Pediatric Patients
Conclusions: Spontaneous decolonization occurs in most CRGNB colonized>30 days and all neonates within 12 months. One-third of colonized patients develop CRGNB infection(s). These findings may help optimize duration of contact precautions and empirical antimicrobial therapy for CRGNB colonized pediatric patients. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Antimicrobial Reports Source Type: research

Risk Factors for Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Children
Background: Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is rapidly emerging as a life-threatening nosocomial infection. The study aimed to identify the risk factors for CRPA infection in children, especially antimicrobials use and invasive procedures. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, which involved a cohort of patients with PA infection from January 2016 to December 2020. Patients were assigned to a carbapenem-susceptible PA group or to a CRPA group and matched using propensity-score matching. Univariate analysis and multivariate an...
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Antimicrobial Reports Source Type: research

Remote Versus In-person Outpatient Clinic Visits and Antibiotic Use Among Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Background: The proportion of remote clinic visits was expected to increase among children during the COVID-19 pandemic which might result in antibiotic overuse. Methods: In southern Israel, 2 ethnic groups, Jewish and Bedouin, live side-by-side. Computerized data on visits for children (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Antimicrobial Reports Source Type: research

Annual Trend in Lumbar Puncture for Infants Younger Than 3 Months Hospitalized With Suspected Serious Bacterial Infection: A Nationwide Inpatient Database Study
Conclusion: The proportion of lumbar punctures with hospitalized infants admitted with blood and urine culture tests decreased over the years, and this trend was greater in infants 29–89 days of age. The reduction in the proportion of lumbar punctures varied widely among the hospitals. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

Clinical Features of Kawasaki Disease With Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation
Conclusion: AARF in patients with acute KD should be considered if cervical symptoms present in older patients with atypical KD. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

Age-specific Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Disease in Children
Conclusions: This study provides new knowledge about age-specific clinical presentation and risk factors of EPTB in children in Pakistan. Our results can help to optimize clinical algorithms designed to achieve a timely diagnosis in children with EPTB along with improved treatment outcomes. (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - July 26, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research