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Combination versus monotherapy as definitive treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: a multicentre retrospective observational cohort study
ConclusionsIn this retrospective cohort, no mortality advantage was demonstrated using combination therapy over monotherapy forP. aeruginosa bacteraemia. Combination therapy did not improve clinical or microbiological failure rates, nor affect adverse events or resistance development. Our finding of no benefit with combination therapy needs confirmation in well-designed randomized controlled trials. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 16, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Biochemical characterization of OXA-244, an emerging OXA-48 variant with reduced β-lactam hydrolytic activity
ConclusionsOur data confirm that the R214G mutation (present in OXA-244) results in reduced carbapenem- and temocillin-hydrolysing activity, confirming the crucial role of residue 214 in the hydrolysis of these substrates by OXA-48-like β-lactamases. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 16, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

The case for ‘conservative pharmacotherapy’—authors’ response
Dear Editor, (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 16, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec containing a novel mec gene complex, B4
ConclusionsOur findings highlight the importance of IS431 in the evolution of the SCCmec region. The increasing genetic diversity identified in the SCCmec elements imposes a great challenge for SCCmec typing methods and highlights possible difficulties with the SCCmec nomenclature. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 15, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic investigation of raltegravir with or without lamivudine in the context of HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
ConclusionsRaltegravir 400  mg+lamivudine 150 mg showed high levels ofex vivo HIV protection, associated with high drug concentrations persisting after discontinuation in vaginal and rectal compartments, supporting further investigation of these agents for PrEP. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 14, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Outpatient continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin combined with either gentamicin or ceftriaxone for enterococcal endocarditis
ConclusionsOutpatient treatment of enterococcal endocarditis with continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin combined with either once-daily gentamicin or ceftriaxone following a period of inpatient treatment is usually effective. A significantly higher rate of adverse effects was seen with gentamicin, favouring ceftriaxone as the initial synergy antibiotic. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 11, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

The pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection
ConclusionsAnfAUC/MIC minocycline target of 12 –36 is appropriate forS. aureus. Addition of rifampicin decreases bacterial load but results in emergence of resistance to rifampicin. Unusually, there was no emergence of resistance to minocycline. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 11, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Perioperative administration of cefazolin and metronidazole in obese and non-obese patients: a pharmacokinetic study in plasma and interstitial fluid
ConclusionsDuring the time of surgery, cefazolin concentrations in plasma and ISF of subcutaneous tissue were lower in obese patients, but not clinically relevant. Regarding metronidazole, the respective differences were higher, and may influence dosing of metronidazole for perioperative prophylaxis in obese patients. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 10, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Antibiotic exposure and the risk of hospital-acquired diarrhoea and Clostridioides difficile infection: a cohort study
ConclusionsPreventing HAD and CDI should focus on reducing the overall use of antibiotics and shortening antibiotic exposure, rather than focusing on specific agents. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 10, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Protein binding of clindamycin in vivo by means of intravascular microdialysis in healthy volunteers
ConclusionsConcentration-dependent PB was observed for both investigated methods with slightly lower levels of unbound drug fractionsin vitro as compared within vivo. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 10, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Aminoglycoside resistance genes in Enterococcus faecium: mismatch with phenotype
Sir, (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 9, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Reduced effectiveness among β-lactam antibiotics: a population-based cohort study in primary care in Italy
ConclusionsThe prevalence of reduced effectiveness of newly prescribed β-lactam antibiotics was lower than 1%. Specifically, the rate of switch to another antibiotic, when it was prescribed to treat low respiratory tract, dental, and middle ear infections, was lower among users of co-amoxiclav than those prescribed with other β-lactams. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 8, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Comparative macrolide use in humans and animals: should macrolides be moved off the World Health Organisation ’s critically important antimicrobial list?
 Macrolide antibiotics are categorized by the WHO as Highest Priority, Critically Important Antimicrobials due to their recommendation as treatment for severe cases of campylobacteriosis in humans; a self-limiting, rarely life-threatening, zoonotic foodborne infection. Low rates of macrolide resistance inCampylobacter jejuni and the availability of alternative treatments have prompted some regulatory schemes to assign macrolides to a lower importance category. Apart from rare, specific infections, macrolides largely play a supportive role to other drug classes in human medicine. By contrast, although the advent of altern...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 6, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

In vitro activity of imipenem/relebactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, cefepime/zidebactam and other novel antibiotics against imipenem-non-susceptible Gram-negative bacilli from Taiwan
Conclusionsβ-Lactam/BLI-BLE combinations were active in a higher proportion of INS-EC, INS-KP and INS-PA. The susceptibility of novel fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines was not superior to that of old ones. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 6, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

VraCP regulates cell wall metabolism and antibiotic resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strain Mu50
ConclusionsvraCP plays a significant role in cell wall metabolism and antibiotic resistance in Mu50. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - May 5, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research