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Foreword
Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - November 25, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Liposomal amphotericin B —the present
AbstractMost invasive fungal infections are opportunistic in nature but the epidemiology is constantly changing, with new risk groups being identified. Neutropenia is a classical risk factor for fungal infections, while critically ill patients in the ICU are now increasingly at risk of yeast and mould infections. Factors to be considered when choosing antifungal treatment include the emergence of rarer fungal pathogens, the risk of resistance to azoles and echinocandins and the possibility of drug –drug interactions. Liposomal amphotericin B has retained its place in the therapeutic armamentarium based on its clinical pr...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - November 25, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Liposomal amphotericin B —the past
This article explores the history and nature of the liposomal formulation, the key clinical studies th at developed the pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy profile of the liposomal formulation, and the available microbiological data. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - November 25, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Liposomal amphotericin B —the future
AbstractAdvances in medicine have led to a growing number of people with compromised or suppressed immune systems who are susceptible to invasive fungal infections. In particular, severe fungal infections are becoming increasingly common in ICUs, affecting people within and outside of traditional risk groups alike. This is exemplified by the emergence of severe viral pneumonia as a significant risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and the recognition of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis and, more recently, COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.The treatment landscape for haematological malignan...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - November 25, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Preface
In response to the global threat to public health posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the World Health Assembly formulated a Global Action Plan (GAP) in 2015. As part of this programme, countries were encouraged to develop National Action Plans to tackle AMR that are aligned with the GAP but adapted to national priorities and country-specific contexts. In this Supplement, information is provided on actions that have been initiated in a number of countries, particularly with regard to antibiotic prescribing, the development and use of local or international treatment guidelines and the availability of susceptibility da...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Relevance of the Consensus Principles for Appropriate Antibiotic Prescribing in 2022
ConclusionsAdherence to the Consensus Principles remains as important now as it was in 2002. Achieving appropriate antibiotic prescribing is a vital objective in order that the right patient receives the right antibiotics at the right time to ensure optimal clinical outcomes while at the same time helping to limit further increases in AMR. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in Kuwait in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
ConclusionsIn Kuwait there have been some initiatives addressing AMR such as annual campaigns for proper use of antibiotics. Antibiotic use is high but there appears to be a low understanding in the general public about their appropriate use. However, there is legislation in place prohibiting over-the-counter purchase of antibiotics. Only international guidelines for CA-RTIs are used. A more standardized inclusive approach in developing local guidelines, using up-to-date surveillance data of isolates from community-acquired infections in Kuwait, could make management guideline use more locally relevant for clinicians. This...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in India in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
ConclusionsMany initiatives have been launched since AMR was recognized as a national priority and organizations such as the Indian Academy of Paediatrics and the Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership have worked to build awareness. The Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare published a 5  year national action plan on AMR. However, the burden of infectious disease and consumption of antibiotics in India is high. There have been national surveillance studies generating local data along with international studies such as Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) and Antimicrobial Testin g Leadership and Surveillance ...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in Saudi Arabia in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
ConclusionsVarious initiatives are underway in Saudi Arabia, including a National Action Plan for AMR, which was published in 2017. However, AMR is rising and knowledge about appropriate antibiotic use seems to be lacking among physicians and the general public. Various international guidelines are utilized by clinicians in Saudi Arabia, but a more standardized inclusive approach in developing local guidelines, using up-to-date surveillance data of isolates from community-acquired infections in Saudi Arabia could make management guideline use more locally relevant for clinicians. This would pave the way for a higher level ...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in Mexico in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
ConclusionsThe Mexican national AMR strategy was published in 2018. This comprised similar objectives to the Global Action Plan from the World Health Assembly (2015) and was compulsory, requiring full compliance from members of the National Health System. Historically, antibiotic consumption in Mexico has been high, however, between 2000 and 2015, consumption fell, in sharp contrast to the majority of countries. Mexico lacks a national surveillance network for AMR, however there are several ongoing global surveillance studies providing local antibiotic susceptibility data. International and local antibiotic prescribing gui...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in Pakistan in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
ConclusionsPakistan is active in developing initiatives to address AMR such as compiling a National Action Plan. However, antibiotic consumption is high and although there is legislation in place prohibiting over-the-counter purchase of antibiotics, this is still possible. Healthcare professionals use local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines for CA-RTIs when managing patients. As highlighted by the clinical microbiologist ’s expert comments, surveillance of AMR in locally prevalent microorganisms is lacking. A more standardized inclusive approach in developing local guidelines, using up-to-date local sur...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in Brazil in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
ConclusionsIn Brazil there have been some initiatives addressing AMR such as the National Action Plan for AMR, established in 2018. Antibiotic consumption in Brazil is high but a ban on over-the-counter sales of antibiotics has led to a decrease in consumption. Local antibiotic susceptibility testing needs to be increased and the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) study in Brazil will provide useful data for pathogens causing CA-RTIs. A more standardized inclusive approach in developing local guidelines, using up-to-date surveillance data of isolates from community-acquired infections in Brazil, could make guideline us...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in Vietnam in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicines and clinical outcome
ConclusionsIn Vietnam there have been some initiatives addressing AMR; Vietnam was the first country in the Western Pacific Region to develop a national action plan to combat AMR, which according to the WHO is being implemented. Vietnam also has one of the highest rates of AMR in Asia due, in part, to the overuse of antimicrobial drugs, both in the animal health sector and in humans in both hospitals and the community. In addition, despite a 2005 law requiring antibiotic prescription, there is unrestricted access to over-the-counter antibiotics. Several global surveillance studies provide antibiotic susceptibility data for...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in Russia in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
ConclusionsRussia launched a national strategy in 2017 to prevent the spread of AMR and the WHO reports that as of 2020 –21, it is being implemented and actively monitored. Reports suggest outpatient antibiotic use of antibiotics is high and that non-prescription access and self-medication are very common. Antibiotic susceptibility studies in Russia include PeHASus, a multicentre epidemiological study focusing on s usceptibilities of community-acquired respiratory pathogens and international studies such as Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR), Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) and SENTRY Antimi...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Country data on AMR in T ürkiye in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
ConclusionsT ürkiye developed an antibiotic stewardship programme, The Rational Drug Use National Action Plan 2014–2017, prioritizing appropriate antibiotic prescription in the community. Public campaigns discouraging inappropriate antibiotic use were also initiated. Türkiye has a high level of antibiotic re sistance and a high level of consumption, however, in 2015 over-the-counter antibiotic sales were prohibited, resulting in a declining trend in overall consumption. There is still a need for physician education on current developments in antibiotic use. Several ongoing global surveillance studies pr ovide antibioti...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 6, 2022 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research