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Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of antiretroviral drugs, compared with oral, enhances delivery to lymphoid tissues in BALB/c mice
ConclusionsThese results demonstrate a change in route of drug administration from oral to intramuscular or subcutaneous can change tissue uptake. This has implications for HIV pharmacotherapy. For example, HIV persists in lymphoid tissues despite long-term oral ARV therapy, and low ARV concentrations have been found in lymphoid tissues. The improved ARV lymphatic tissue bioavailability with intramuscular and subcutaneous administration allows future studies to investigate these routes of drug administration as a therapeutic manoeuvre to limit viral persistence and eliminate viral sanctuaries in the lymphatic tissues, whic...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 27, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Macrolide-associated ototoxicity: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study to assess the association of macrolide use with tinnitus and hearing loss
ConclusionsMacrolide use was significantly associated with both prevalent and incident tinnitus. Macrolide-associated tinnitus was likely cumulative dose-dependent. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 27, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Preface
It is now widely recognized that inappropriate use of antibiotics is a major driver of the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. This has resulted in the development of antibiotic stewardship programmes, which aim to optimize antibiotic use by maximizing the clinical benefits while minimizing adverse consequences including toxicity and resistance. As antibiotic resistance is a global threat, the formulation of stewardship programmes and assessment of their cost-effectiveness requires knowledge of the trends in antibiotic usage at local, national and international levels. For many years, a major contribution to the...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997 –2017: data collection, management and analysis
ConclusionsThe updated analyses of two decades of ESAC-Net data provide the most comprehensive and detailed description of antibiotic consumption in the community in Europe. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Consumption of quinolones in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997 –2017
ConclusionsQuinolone consumption in the community is no longer increasing in the EU/EEA, but its seasonal variation continues to increase significantly as is the proportion of quinolones to treat respiratory infections. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Consumption of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997 –2017
ConclusionsConsumption of MLS did not change significantly over time during 2007 –2017, while the proportional consumption of long-acting macrolides increased. Seasonal variation remained high, which suggests that MLS are still prescribed inappropriately in many countries. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997 –2017
ConclusionsOverall, antibiotic consumption in the community in the EU/EEA did not change during 1997 –2017, while seasonal variation consistently decreased over time. The number of DDD per package increased during 1997–2017. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Analysing the trend over time of antibiotic consumption in the community: a tutorial on the detection of common change-points
ConclusionsAllowing for the inclusion of common change-points improved model fit. Individual countries investigating changes in their antibiotic consumption pattern can use this tutorial to analyse their country data. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Quality appraisal of antibiotic consumption in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 2009 and 2017
ConclusionsThe quality of antibiotic consumption in the community as measured by the DSQIs further decreased between 2009 and 2017, especially in Southern and Eastern European countries. A continuous effort to improve antibiotic consumption is essential to reduce antibiotic consumption in general and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in particular. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Consumption of penicillins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997 –2017
ConclusionsConsiderable variation in the patterns of consumption of penicillins was observed between EU/EEA countries. The consumption of penicillins in the EU/EEA community did not change significantly over time, while the proportional consumption of combinations of penicillins increased. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Consumption of cephalosporins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997 –2017
ConclusionsDespite considerable variation between countries in the composition of cephalosporin consumption and trends over time, a significant shift towards consumption of more broad-spectrum cephalosporins in the community was observed across the EU/EEA during 1997 –2017. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Change-points in antibiotic consumption in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997 –2017
ConclusionsDue to the heterogeneity in antibiotic consumption in the community across EU/EEA countries, a country-specific change-point model provided the better fit. Given the limitations of this model, our recommendation for the included countries is to carefully interpret the country-specific results presented in this article and to use the tutorial included in this series to conduct their own change-point analysis when evaluating the impact of changes in regulations, public awareness campaigns, and other national interventions to improve antibiotic consumption in the community. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997 –2017
ConclusionsConsumption and composition of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials showed wide variations between EU/EEA countries and over time. This represents an opportunity to further reduce consumption of these groups in some countries and improve the quality of their prescription. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 26, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile
AbstractClostridioides difficile (CD) is one of the top five urgent antibiotic resistance threats in USA. There is a worldwide increase in MDR of CD, with emergence of novel strains which are often more virulent and MDR. Antibiotic resistance in CD is constantly evolving with acquisition of novel resistance mechanisms, which can be transferred between different species of bacteria and among different CD strains present in the clinical setting, community, and environment. Therefore, understanding the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of CD is important to guide optimal antibiotic stewardship policies and to identify novel th...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 23, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Activity of meropenem/vaborbactam and comparators against Gram-negative isolates from Eastern and Western European patients hospitalized with pneumonia including ventilator-associated pneumonia (2014 –19)
ConclusionsThesein vitro data demonstrate that meropenem/vaborbactam has potent activity against isolates from PHP, including isolates producing KPC, and may be a useful treatment option for PHP, including VAP. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - July 23, 2021 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research