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Comparison of ETEST ® superposition method and the MTS™ Aztreonam-avibactam strip with the reference method for aztreonam/avibactam susceptibility testing
The emergence of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) raises new issues in terms of therapeutic management, with increasing resistance to available antibiotics. MBL-producing GNB are particularly problematic, as the only β-lactam active against this type of carbapenemase is aztreonam.1,2 In addition, MBL producers often co-express other ESBLs or cephalosporinases that hydrolyse aztreonam. Consequently, it has been demonstrated that the combination of aztreonam + ceftazidime/avibactam can be an effective therapeutic alternative in the treatment of infections caused by MBL producers.1 –3 Indeed, avibactam ...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 29, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Are we really ready for dual therapy in naive people with HIV? The experience from a large university hospital in Rome, Italy
We aim to highlight a pressing concern regarding the initiation of a two-drug ART (2DR) in treatment-naive people living with HIV (PWH), and the hesitation among clinicians to prescribe such a regimen, even when PWH meet the specified criteria outlined in international guidelines.1,2 (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 29, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Usefulness of inclusion of ertapenem and temocillin screening breakpoints in the EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) for rapid detection of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae directly from positive blood cultures
ConclusionsIn healthcare settings with a high prevalence of OXA-48 producers, the inclusion of ertapenem and temocillin discs in the sRAST procedure may improve the detection of OXA-48-producingK. pneumoniae isolates directly from positive BCs, providing reliable results after only a 4 h incubation period. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Characterization of an ST38 carbapenem-resistant and highly virulent Escherichia coli carrying conjugatively transferable ColV virulence –resistance and blaNDM-5-positive resistance plasmids
ConclusionsThe emergence of such a highly virulent and resistant strain with conjugativeblaNDM-5-positive and ColV plasmids posed a significant threat to public health. Implementation of control measures is needed to prevent such strains from further disseminating in hospital settings and the community. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

A detailed characterization of drug resistance during darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy highlights a high barrier to the emergence of resistance mutations in protease but identifies alternative pathways of resistance
ConclusionsThe study highlights the high resistance barrier of ritonavir-boosted darunavir while identifying alternative pathways of resistance through Gag substitutions. During virological suppression, resistance patterns in HIV-1 DNA reflect treatment history, but due to technical and biological considerations, cautious interpretation is warranted. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Variable antiviral activity of islatravir against M184I/V mutant HIV-1 selected during antiretroviral therapy
ConclusionsMutations and polymorphisms selectedin vivo together with M184V/I depend on the viral genetic context and on ART history, and could affect the efficacy of islatravir once available for use in the clinic. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Enhancing global insight into AMR spread and generation: prospects and limitations of the WHO and quadripartite research agendas
AbstractIn Summer 2023, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) WHO-World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Quadripartite published two separate research agendas on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While the publication of these research agendas on AMR creates a significant opportunity to align research priorities internationally, we emphasize a number of limitations. Firstly, the production of two separate AMR research agendas, in human health and One Health, rather than one integrated research agenda, risks the...
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Streptococcus suis serotype 9 in Italy: genomic insights into high-risk clones with emerging resistance to penicillin
ConclusionsHere, we identify the STs and substitutions at the PBPs responsible for increased resistance of SS9 to penicillin on Italian pig farms. Our data highlight the need for monitoring the evolution ofS. suis in the coming years. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of total and unbound temocillin in the plasma and CSF of neurocritically ill patients with external ventricular drain-related cerebral ventriculitis
ConclusionsThe currently approved dose of 6 g by continuous infusion may be adequate for the treatment of ventriculitis by Enterobacterales with MIC ≤ 4 mg/L if considering 100%Css>MIC as the PK/PD target to reach. Higher maintenance doses could help covering higher MICs, but their safety would need to be assessed. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

In vitro activity of cefiderocol against a global collection of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a high level of carbapenemase diversity
ConclusionsCefiderocol displayed potentin vitro activity in this global cohort of carbapenem-resistantP. aeruginosa including>200 carbapenemase-harbouring isolates. Cefiderocol was highly active against MBL-producing isolates, where treatment options are limited. These data can help guide empirical therapy guidelines based on local prevalence of carbapenemase-producingP. aeruginosa or in response to rapid molecular diagnostics. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

The case of multiple HIV virological failures in a compliant patient: do pharmacogenetics matter?
Virological failure is generally the result of a combination of factors including reduced adherence, drug resistance mutations and/or suboptimal pharmacokinetic exposure.1 The latter has mostly been attributed to drug –drug or drug–food interactions, not considering the role of other variables, as exemplified in this case. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 28, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Modulatory role of SmeQ in SmeYZ efflux pump-involved functions in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
ConclusionsSmeQ is the first small protein identified to be involved in efflux pump function inS. maltophilia. It exerts modulatory effect by transcriptionally altering the expression of target genes, which are thesmeYZQ operon in the WT KJ, andsmeYZQ,entSCEBB ′FA andsbiAB operons insmeYZ mutants. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 22, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

A pharmacy-led sore throat test and treat (STTT) service: antigen testing and antibiotic supply rates during the period of heightened public awareness of Group A Streptococcus infections
ConclusionsOur findings suggest that, despite a dramatic increase in sore throat consultation rates in response to media reports, the pre-specified pathway followed by pharmacists ensured appropriate use of antibiotics, and absorbed a substantial workload that would otherwise end up in other healthcare settings. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 22, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Bedaquiline for treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM): a systematic review and meta-analysis
ConclusionsBedaquiline demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against various NTM species and is a promising drug to treat NTM infections. However, data on the genomic mutations associated with bedaquiline resistance were scarce, preventing statistical analyses for most mutations and NTM species. Further studies are urgently needed to better inform treatment strategies. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 22, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Factors associated with inappropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
ConclusionsPrioritizing acute otitis media, GPs, rural areas, older children and respiratory tract infections within antimicrobial stewardship programmes plays a vital role in promoting responsible antibiotic prescribing. The implementation of a standardized definition of appropriateness is essential to evaluate such programmes. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - December 19, 2023 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research