Adolescent cannabis use and adult psychoticism: A longitudinal co-twin control analysis using data from two cohorts.
Observational studies have repeatedly linked cannabis use and increased risk of psychosis. We sought to clarify whether this association reflects a causal effect of cannabis exposure or residual confounding. We analyzed data from two cohorts of twins who completed repeated, prospective measures of cannabis use (N = 1544) and cannabis use disorder symptoms (N = 1458) in adolescence and a dimensional measure of psychosis-proneness (the Personality Inventory for DSM–5 Psychoticism scale) in adulthood. Twins also provided molecular genetic data, which were used to estimate polygenic risk of schizophrenia. Both cumulative ado...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Sources of variability in the prospective relation of language to social, emotional, and behavior problem symptoms: Implications for developmental language disorder.
This study investigated whether the relationship between language and SEB problems is stronger at very low levels of language and considered confounders including socioeconomic status, sex, and nonverbal intelligence. These were examined using a population-based survey design, including children with a wide range of language and cognitive profiles, and assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and six standardized language measures (n = 363, weighted n = 6,451). Structural equation models adjusted for prior levels of SEB revealed that the relationship of language at age 5–6 years to SEB at 7–9 years w...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Repetitive behavior with objects in infants developing autism predicts diagnosis and later social behavior as early as 9 months.
We evaluated repetitive behavior with objects in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from 9 to 36 months of age, and associations between early repetitive behavior and social engagement. Infant siblings of children with ASD (high-risk) or typical development (low-risk) were administered a task eliciting repetitive object use at 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, and 36 months of age. Infants (n = 147) were classified into 1 of 3 outcome groups at 36 months: Low-Risk Non-ASD (n = 58), High-Risk Non-ASD (n = 72), and ASD (n = 17). Behavior was coded from video for frequencies of unusual visual inspection, spinning, and rotati...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Oculomotor inhibition and location priming in schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is widely thought to involve elevated distractibility, which may reflect a general impairment in top-down inhibitory processes. Schizophrenia also appears to involve increased priming of previously performed actions. Here, we used a highly refined eye-tracking paradigm that makes it possible to concurrently assess distractibility, inhibition, and priming. In both healthy control subjects (HCS, N = 41) and people with schizophrenia (PSZ, N = 46), we found that initial saccades were actually less likely to be directed toward a salient “singleton” distractor than toward less salient distractors, reflecting t...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Real-time reports of drinking to cope: Associations with subjective relief from alcohol and changes in negative affect.
Many individuals report drinking alcohol to cope or relieve negative affective states, but existing evidence is inconsistent regarding whether individuals experience negatively reinforcing effects after drinking to cope (DTC). We used ecological momentary assessment to examine the effects of DTC during daily-life drinking episodes in a sample of current drinkers (N = 110; 52 individuals with borderline personality disorder and 58 community individuals). Multilevel models were used to test whether momentary and episode-level endorsement of DTC-depression and DTC-anxiety motives would be related to increased subjective drink...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Cortical and subcortical gray matter volume in psychopathy: A voxel-wise meta-analysis.
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies of gray matter volume (GMV) in psychopathy have produced inconsistent results and few have been replicated. Therefore, to clarify GMV abnormalities associated with psychopathy as operationalized by Hare (2003), we conducted a meta-analysis of VBM studies using both categorical and dimensional analyses. We identified seven studies eligible for the categorical meta-analysis (136 men with psychopathy vs 150 male controls) and 11 studies (N = 519) eligible for dimensional metaregressions. First, we used seed-based d mapping with permutation of subject images for voxel-based meta-analyses. ...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Adult separation anxiety: Personality characteristics of a neglected clinical syndrome.
This study tests relationships between ASA symptoms and higher- and lower-order personality traits in a community sample of 565 women. It accounts for systematic error by utilizing informant report, two personality inventories, and data from two time points over three years, and by adjusting for mood state. It also tests longitudinal ASA–personality models. Results indicate that ASA is robustly associated with negative emotionality and its facet of stress reaction, as well as with aggression, alienation, and absorption to somewhat lesser degrees. These relationships are not due to overlap with other traits (except in the...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Comparing healthy adolescent females with and without parental history of eating pathology on neural responsivity to food and thin models and other potential risk factors.
We tested the hypotheses that female adolescents at risk for future eating disorders, based on parental history of binge eating and compensatory weight control behaviors, would show greater reward and attention region response to thin-models and tastes, anticipated tastes, and images of high-calorie foods, lower inhibitory circuitry response to a high-calorie food-specific go/no-go paradigm, and greater limbic circuitry response to negative mood induction. We recruited female adolescents free of binge eating or compensatory behaviors (N = 88; Mage = 14.6 [SD = .9]; 72% White) with versus without parental history of eating ...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Hopelessness and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: An integrative data analysis.
Although hopelessness has been linked to depression for centuries, the diagnostic criteria for depression are inconsistent with regard to the status of hopelessness. Most research on hopelessness and depression has focused on adults. The current study examined this relation in children and adolescents. Integrative data analyses with a pooled sample (N = 2466) showed that clinical levels of hopelessness multiplied the odds of having a clinical diagnosis of depression 10-fold. Conversely, not having clinical levels of hopelessness multiplied the odds of endorsing no clinical level of depressive symptoms 28-fold. Moreover, re...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Predictors of internalized mental health stigma in a help-seeking sample of youth: The roles of psychosis-spectrum symptoms and family functioning.
The objective of this study was to better understand the correlates of internalized stigma among a clinical sample of youth with psychosis-spectrum symptoms. Participants (n = 66; 12–25 years old) were referred by community providers in Maryland, United States. Psychosis-spectrum symptoms were measured via the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS); family-functioning was measured via the Family Assessment Device. Interviewers rated participants’ social/role functioning via the Global Functioning: Social and Role Scales. Internalized stigma was measured using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness ...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Evaluating the criterion validity of hierarchical psychopathology dimensions across models: Familial aggregation and associations with research domain criteria (sub)constructs.
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) posits that psychopathology is a hierarchy of correlated dimensions. Numerous studies have examined the validity of these dimensions using bifactor models, in which each disorder loads onto both a general and specific factor (e.g., internalizing, externalizing). Although bifactor models tend to fit better than alternative models, concerns have been raised about bifactor model selection, factor reliability, and interpretability. Therefore, we compared the reliability and validity of several higher-order HiTOP dimensions between bifactor and correlated factor models using ...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Identifying central symptoms of eating disorders among ethnic and racial minority women.
Experiencing eating disorder symptoms is associated with maladaptive outcomes and impairment in functioning. A paucity of research exists examining eating disorder symptoms among ethnic/racial minority women. Using a network analysis, we evaluated core symptoms of eating disorder psychopathology and the degree of association between eating disorder symptoms in a sample of ethnic/racial minority women. Participants were 296 Black, 261 Hispanic, and 261 Asian American women recruited across the United States to complete an online survey. Inclusionary criteria yielded a sample with high eating disorder psychopathology. The Ne...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 13, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Neural responses to reward and pleasant pictures prospectively predict remission from depression.
Reduced neural responses to reward and pleasant stimuli—indicators of anhedonia and reduced emotional reactivity, respectively—have been reported among individuals with depressive disorders. The current study examined whether these neural measures could prospectively predict the course of depression among a community-based sample of 83 participants diagnosed with a depressive disorder. At initial assessment, participants performed both a guessing task to elicit the reward positivity (RewP) and a picture viewing paradigm with neutral and pleasant pictures to measure the late positive potential (LPP)—both event-related...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 13, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Longitudinal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom networks in childhood and adolescence: Key symptoms, stability, and predictive validity.
The current study visualized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom networks in a longitudinal sample of participants across childhood and adolescence with exploratory examination of age and gender effects. Eight hundred thirty-six children ages 7–13 years were followed annually for 8 years in total. Across parent and teacher report, results suggested “is easily distracted” and “difficulties sustaining attention” as central symptoms across three testing points (i.e., Year 1, Year 3, and Years 5–8 collapsed). “Difficulties following instructions” and “intrudes/interrupts” also emerged as...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 2, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Moral strategies and psychopathic traits.
Psychopathy is a personality construct encompassing impaired interpersonal-affective functioning, combined with the inclination to lead an erratic lifestyle and to engage in antisocial acts. Individuals with elevated psychopathic traits often make decisions that have a negative impact on others. Some findings suggest that a lack of empathy and guilt is a key explanatory factor, while other results point toward a decreased sense of fairness in individuals with elevated psychopathic traits. The goal of the present study was to directly compare these hypotheses. Eighty-six healthy individuals completed the Self-Report Psychop...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 2, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
