Intact prioritization of fearful faces during continuous flash suppression in psychopathy.
Affective state recognition and in particular the identification of fear is known to be impaired in psychopathy. It is unclear, however, whether this reflects a deficit in basic perception (‘fear blindness’) or a deficit in later cognitive processing. To test for a perceptual deficit, 63 male incarcerated offenders, assessed with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), detected fearful, neutral, and happy facial expressions rendered invisible through continuous flash suppression (CFS). Fearful faces were detected faster than neutral and happy faces. There was no reduction of the fear advantage in the 20 offende...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - June 16, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The role of educational attainment and brain morphology in major depressive disorder: Findings from the ENIGMA major depressive disorder consortium.
Brain structural abnormalities and low educational attainment are consistently associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), yet there has been little research investigating the complex interaction of these factors. Brain structural alterations may represent a vulnerability or differential susceptibility marker, and in the context of low educational attainment, predict MDD. We tested this moderation model in a large multisite sample of 1958 adults with MDD and 2921 controls (aged 18 to 86) from the ENIGMA MDD working group. Using generalized linear mixed models and within-sample split-half replication, we tested whether...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - June 2, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Follow the leader: Maternal transmission of physiological regulatory support to distressed infants in real-time.
This study provides novel evidence for a mechanism that may explain how mothers actively transmit regulatory support to their distressed infants in real-time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology)
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - June 2, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Young women who develop anorexia nervosa exhibit a persistently low premorbid body weight on average: A longitudinal investigation of an important etiologic clue.
Conclusions: The evidence that young women who subsequently show AN onset exhibit a low premorbid BMI on average is novel and suggests that etiologic models should incorporate this finding and selective prevention programs should target low-BMI adolescent girls. The finding that dieting, negative affect, affect-regulation eating expectances spiked immediately before emergence of AN is also novel and suggests that it might be useful for selective prevention programs to target these factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology)
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - June 2, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Intergenerational transmission of depressive and anxiety disorders: Mediation via youth personality.
Youth personality is hypothesized to mediate the intergenerational transmission of internalizing disorders. However, this has rarely been examined. We tested whether the intergenerational transmission of depressive and anxiety disorders is mediated by youth neuroticism and extraversion, and how parent personality influenced these relationships. Participants included 550 adolescent girls, aged 13–15 years at baseline (T1), and a coparticipating biological parent. Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed by interview at T1, and adolescents were reinterviewed every 9 months for 3 years (T2–T5). Parent and youth pers...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - June 2, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Swipe right, swipe left: Initial interactions in social anxiety disorder.
Individuals with SAD have difficulties initiating and maintaining relationships. However, little is known about the preinteraction behavior of individuals with SAD. Individuals with (n = 40) and without SAD (n = 40) who reported being attracted to individuals of the opposite sex participated in a preregistered lab-based experiment using a novel task similar to existing initial interaction/dating applications. Specifically, participants viewed 112 profiles of individuals from the opposite sex that included pictures (either happy/smiling or neutral) and descriptive texts and were requested to choose partners for a future int...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - June 2, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Abnormal processing of interpersonal cues during an aggressive encounter in women with borderline personality disorder: Neural and behavioral findings.
Inappropriate aggression is a prominent and clinically relevant interpersonal dysfunction of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Previous studies have shown that individuals with BPD interpret interpersonal signals in a hostile manner, but it is uncertain how this negativity bias impacts decision-making during aggressive encounters. In the present neuroimaging study, 48 medication-free women with BPD and 28 age- and intelligence-matched women played the Social Threat Aggression Paradigm (STAP), a competitive reaction time task in which the winner delivers an aversive sound blast to the loser. Crucially,...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - May 19, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Posttraumatic stress disorder, drinking to cope, and harmful alcohol use: A multivariate meta-analysis of the self-medication hypothesis.
This study aggregated this indirect effect using a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach and explored moderators that influenced the indirect effect. We identified articles from PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, and PROQUEST (through June 22, 2021) containing measures of (a) PTSD symptoms, (b) coping-related drinking, and (c) harmful alcohol use. Thirty-four studies yielding 69 effect sizes were included (mean N = 387.26 participants; median N = 303.5; range = 42–1,896; aggregate sample n = 15,128). Coping motives mediated the relation between PTSD and harmful alcohol use, accounting for 80% of the variance in the ...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - May 19, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Drug use talk in adolescent friendship interactions: Long-term effects of social learning on lifetime diagnosed substance use disorders.
In this study we tested whether dyadic conversations between friends at age 17 are predictive of lifetime SUD diagnosis assessed at age 27. In controlled lab sessions, we observed conversations of 497 17-year-old adolescents and a friend. We coded the general way adolescents talk about deviant actions (i.e., deviancy training), but also specific positive talk about drugs (i.e., drug use talk). At age 27, a diagnostic interview was completed to assess lifetime SUD. Independent sample t-tests (in a selection of substance naïve participants to rule out that potential links would be driven by previous substance use) and struc...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - May 12, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Reliability and validity of bifactor models of dimensional psychopathology in youth.
Bifactor models are a promising strategy to parse general from specific aspects of psychopathology in youth. Currently, there are multiple configurations of bifactor models originating from different theoretical and empirical perspectives. We aimed to test the reliability, validity, measurement invariance, and the correlation of different bifactor models of psychopathology using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We used data from the Reproducible Brain Charts (RBC) initiative (N = 7,011, ages 5 to 22 years, 40.2% females). Factor models were tested using the baseline data. To address our aim, we (a) searched for the pub...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - May 5, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Neural mechanisms of motor dysfunction in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: Evidence for impairments in motor activation.
Motor abnormalities are a core feature of psychotic disorders observed from the premorbid period through chronic illness, suggesting motor dysfunction may reflect the pathophysiology of psychosis. Electrophysiology research in schizophrenia suggests impaired motor activation and preparation may underlie these motor abnormalities. Despite behavioral studies suggesting similar motor dysfunction in those at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis, there have been no studies examining neural mechanisms of motor dysfunction in the CHR period, where research can inform pathophysiological and risk models. The present study used th...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - May 5, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Neural correlates of body image processing in binge eating disorder.
Although body image disturbances play a central role in the development, maintenance and relapse of binge eating disorder (BED), studies investigating the neural basis underlying body processing in BED are still missing. To address this gap, we conducted a preregistered (German Clinical Trials Register [Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien; DRKS], Registration DRKS00008107) combined functional magnetic resonance (fMRI)/eye tracking study in which 38 women with BED and 22 healthy controls weight-matched for overall equivalence processed images of their own bodies, an unfamiliar weight-matched body, and visually matched non...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - May 5, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Associations between depression-relevant genetic risk and youth stress exposure: Evidence of gene–environment correlations.
Familial risk for depression is associated with youth exposure to self-generated dependent stressful life events and independent events that are out of youth’s control. Familial risk includes both genetic and environmental influences, raising the question of whether genetic influences, specifically, are associated with youth exposure to both dependent and independent stressful life events. To address this question, this study examined the relation between a genome-wide association study (GWAS)-derived depression-based polygenic risk score (DEP-PRS) and youth experiences of dependent and independent stress. Participants w...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - April 25, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Automaticity and depression: Daily mood-reactive rumination in people with and without depression history.
Depressive rumination has been conceptualized as a mental habit that is initiated automatically without conscious awareness, intent, or control in response to negative mood. However, it is unknown whether depression vulnerability is characterized by elevated levels of mood-reactive rumination at the level of short-term dynamics. Using mobile ecological momentary assessment, formerly depressed individuals with a recurrent history of depression (n = 94) and nonclinical controls (n = 55) recorded in-the-moment affect and rumination 10 times daily over 6 days, after completing baseline measures of trait ruminative brooding, ea...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - April 7, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder traits: A discordant twin study.
A discordant twin design was utilized to examine the potentially causal effects of childhood trauma (CT; i.e., emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing violence) on borderline personality disorder traits (BPD traits) in early adulthood. The participants were 2,808 twins between 17 and 23 years from the Oslo University Adolescent and Young Adult Twin Project. BPD traits were assessed by the Structured Interview for DSM–IV Personality (SIDP-IV), and CT was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Interview (CTI). BPD traits (h² = .50) and CT (h² = .33–.69) were both found to be moderately heritable. Sma...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - April 4, 2022 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
