Higher-order dimensions of psychopathology in a neurodevelopmental transdiagnostic sample.
Hierarchical dimensional models of psychopathology derived for adult and child community populations offer more informative and efficient methods for assessing and treating symptoms of mental ill health than traditional diagnostic approaches. It is not yet clear how many dimensions should be included in models for youth with neurodevelopmental conditions. The aim of this study was to delineate the hierarchical dimensional structure of psychopathology in a transdiagnostic sample of children and adolescents with learning-related problems, and to test the concurrent predictive value of the model for clinically, socially, and ...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Decreased reward-related brain function prospectively predicts increased substance use.
This study examined whether reward-related brain function predicted subsequent substance use course. Participants were 79 right-handed individuals (Mage = 21.52, SD = 2.19 years), who completed a monetary incentive delay (MID) fMRI task, and follow-up measures assessing substance use frequency and impairment. The average duration of the follow-up period was 9.1 months. Regions-of-interest analyses focused on the reward anticipation phase of the MID. Decreased activation in the VS during reward anticipation predicted increased substance use frequency at follow-up. Decreased DS activation during reward anticipation predicted...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Context matters: Neighborhood disadvantage is associated with increased disordered eating and earlier activation of genetic influences in girls.
We examined phenotypic and etiologic associations between neighborhood disadvantage and disordered eating in 2,922 girls ages 8–17 from same-sex twin pairs recruited through the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Parents rated the twins on nine items assessing core disordered eating symptoms (e.g., weight preoccupation, binge eating), and neighborhood disadvantage was calculated from 17 indicators of contextual disadvantage (e.g., median home value, neighborhood unemployment). Puberty was measured using the Pubertal Development Scale to examine whether associations were consistent across development. At a phenotypi...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Satiety does not alter the ventral striatum’s response to immediate reward in bulimia nervosa.
This study examined the influence of hunger and satiety on impulsivity and neural responding during decision-making. Twenty-three women remitted from BN (RBN) and 20 healthy comparison women (CW) performed a delay discounting task after a 16-hr fast and following a standardized meal during functional neuroimaging. A dual-systems approach examined reward valuation (decision trials where the early reward option was available immediately) and cognitive control (all decision trials). Interactions of Group × Visit (Hungry, Fed) for immediate reward revealed that CW had greater activation when hungry versus fed in the ventral s...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Network models of posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) researchers have increasingly used psychological network models to investigate PTSD symptom interactions, as well as to identify central driver symptoms. It is unclear, however, how generalizable such results are. We have developed a meta-analytic framework for aggregating network studies while taking between-study heterogeneity into account and applied this framework in the first-ever meta-analytic study of PTSD symptom networks. We analyzed the correlational structures of 52 different samples with a total sample size of n = 29,561 and estimated a single pooled network model underlying...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Momentary dynamics of emotion-based impulsivity: Exploring associations with dispositional measures of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.
Emotion-based impulsivity has emerged as an important transdiagnostic risk factor for both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. However, it is unclear how this dynamic process unfolds within individuals. We measured urgency within-persons as the momentary association between impulsivity and contemporaneous negative and positive affect in 4 ecological momentary assessment samples (N = 233[16,202 observations]; N = 302[11,360]; N = 311[17,517]; N = 291[20,297]) that span clinical, community, and student populations. Based on reflexive responding to emotion (RRE) and urgency frameworks, we hypothesized a) that sig...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Neural mechanisms of prospection in individuals with schizotypal traits, autistic traits, or depressive symptoms.
Prospection refers to the ability to mentally construct future events, which is closely related to motivation and anhedonia. The neural underpinning of impaired prospection in psychiatric populations remains unclear. We recruited 34 individuals with autistic traits (AT), 27 individuals with schizotypal traits (ST), 31 individuals with depressive symptoms (DS), and 35 controls. Participants completed a prospection task while undergoing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We found that regions of the “default mode network” including the medial frontal gyrus, the posterior cingulate cortex, the precuneus and the ...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Self-reported perceptual aberrations in psychosis map to event-related potentials and semantic appraisals of objects.
Psychotic disorders have been associated with visual deficits and deviant semantic processing, making it unclear whether object detection abnormalities in psychosis originate from low-level or higher-order visual processes. The current study investigated how high-level visual processing is affected in psychosis by presenting object stimuli with equivalent low-level visual features. Outpatients with affective and nonaffective psychotic disorders, first-degree biological relatives, and psychiatrically unaffected individuals (N = 130) completed the Fragmented Ambiguous Object Task (FAOT) to assess recognition of objects in am...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 15, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Volatility of subliminal haptic feedback alters the feeling of control in schizophrenia.
It has been proposed that agency disorders found in schizophrenia rely on aberrant processing of prediction error. Overreactivity to nonpertinent prediction errors may lead to the attribution of one’s own actions to an external source. When applied to perception, this could explain hallucinations. However, experiments in motor control or perception have mainly suggested deficient prediction errors. Using a novel approach based on the manipulation of temporal delays, 23 patients with schizophrenia, 18 patients with bipolar disorder, and 22 healthy participants performed a pointing task with a haptic device that provided h...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 15, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Functional assessment of restrictive eating: A three-study clinically heterogeneous and transdiagnostic investigation.
Restrictive eating is common and associated with negative psychological outcomes across the life span and eating disorder (ED) severity levels. Little is known about functional processes that maintain restriction, especially outside of narrow diagnostic categories (e.g., anorexia nervosa). Here, we extend research on operant four-function models (identifying automatic negative, automatic positive, social negative, and social positive reinforcement functions) that have previously been applied to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), binge eating, and purging to restricting. We assessed restrictive eating functions in three sample...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 15, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
More by stick than by carrot: A reinforcement learning style rooted in the medial frontal cortex in anorexia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by a relentless pursuit of thinness, despite serious implications for health and social relations. In a previous study wielding the power of computational psychiatry, we found alterations in learning from negative feedback and in neural activity in the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) in young acutely underweight AN patients (acAN). Here we ask whether these abnormalities are merely a state-related consequence of the illness or whether they might constitute a trait marker predisposing individuals to AN. To address this question, we employed the same reinforcement learning paradi...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 15, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Structural stigma and sexual minority men’s depression and suicidality: A multilevel examination of mechanisms and mobility across 48 countries.
This study provides additional evidence that stigma is a sociocultural determinant of mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology)
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 15, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Cross-cultural comparisons of the effect of a schizophrenia label on stigmatizing family attitudes: A case vignette study.
It has been proposed that stigmatizing attitudes toward a family member with schizophrenia are less prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC) than in high-income countries (HIC). Furthermore, studies from HIC have shown that labeling increases certain aspects of stigma. This raises concerns about an export of this Western psychiatric labeling practice to LAMIC. The aim of the present research was to determine (a) whether stigmatizing family attitudes are less prevalent in LAMIC than in HIC and (b) whether stigmatizing family attitudes are intensified in both country types by introducing a schizophrenia label. A...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - November 11, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Increased inflammation predicts nine-year change in major depressive disorder diagnostic status.
Cytokine theory of depression proposes that increased baseline inflammatory activity may accumulate over time and lead to future major depressive disorder (MDD). However, most research conducted on this topic has been cross-sectional and examined between- (vs. within-) persons and symptom severity (vs. diagnosis). Therefore, we tested if elevated inflammatory activity at Time 1 (T1) would predict future within-person 9-year change in MDD diagnosis. Community-dwelling adults (n = 945) participated in the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study. T1 and Time 2 (T2) MDD status was assessed using the Composite In...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - October 7, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
An ecological examination of loneliness and social functioning in people with schizophrenia.
Loneliness is associated with a myriad of detrimental outcomes in mental and physical health. Previous studies have found that people with schizophrenia report greater loneliness than controls, and that loneliness is related to depressive symptoms. However, research has been limited, particularly regarding contributions of loneliness to social and occupational functioning. Further, few studies have examined associations between loneliness and daily experience in schizophrenia. Thus, we recruited 35 individuals with schizophrenia and 37 controls. All participants completed the UCLA loneliness scale, symptom assessments, and...
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology - September 23, 2021 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
