Viruses, Vol. 11, Pages 928: Comparative Study of the Temperature Sensitive, Cold Adapted and Attenuated Mutations Present in the Master Donor Viruses of the Two Commercial Human Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines
Martínez-Sobrido
Influenza viruses cause annual, seasonal infection across the globe. Vaccination represents the most effective strategy to prevent such infections and/or to reduce viral disease. Two major types of influenza vaccines are approved for human use: inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). Two Master Donor Virus (MDV) backbones have been used to create LAIVs against influenza A virus (IAV): the United States (US) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (AA) and the Russian A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (Len) H2N2 viruses. The mutations responsible for the temperature sensitive (ts), cold-ada...
Source: Viruses - October 9, 2019 Category: Virology Authors: Laura Rodriguez Pilar Blanco-Lobo Emma C. Reilly Tatsuya Maehigashi Aitor Nogales Andrew Smith David J. Topham Stephen Dewhurst Baek Kim Luis Mart ínez-Sobrido Tags: Article Source Type: research
Role of Multivalency and Antigenic Threshold in Generating Protective Antibody Responses
Mark K. Slifka1* and Ian J. Amanna2
1Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States2Najít Technologies, Inc., Beaverton, OR, United States
Vaccines play a vital role in protecting our communities against infectious disease. Unfortunately, some vaccines provide only partial protection or in some cases vaccine-mediated immunity may wane rapidly, resulting in either increased susceptibility to that disease or a requirement for more booster vaccinations in order to maintain immunity above a protective level. The durabilit...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 30, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
H2 influenza viruses: designing vaccines against future H2 pandemics.
Abstract
Influenza-related pathologies affect millions of people each year and the impact of influenza on the global economy and in our everyday lives has been well documented. Influenza viruses not only infect humans but also are zoonotic pathogens that infect various avian and mammalian species, which serve as viral reservoirs. While there are several strains of influenza currently circulating in animal species, H2 influenza viruses have a unique history and are of particular concern. The 1957 'Asian Flu' pandemic was caused by H2N2 influenza viruses and circulated among humans from 1957 to 1968 before i...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 15, 2019 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Reneer ZB, Ross TM Tags: Biochem Soc Trans Source Type: research
Transmissibility and severity of influenza virus by subtype.
Abstract
The characteristics of influenza might vary depending on the disease subtype. This review includes previous studies on the transmissibility and severity of influenza and summarizes them by subtype. The attack rate and incubation period of influenza A were 2.3-12.3% and 1.4 days, respectively, and those of influenza B were 0.6-5.5% and 0.6 days, respectively. The five subtypes of influenza A virus, namely, H1N1, H2N2, H3N3, H5N1, and H7N9, are reviewed. The indexes related to transmissibility (reproduction number, attack rate, serial interval, latent period, incubation period, infectious period...
Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution - August 10, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Park JE, Ryu Y Tags: Infect Genet Evol Source Type: research
Monoclonal antibody against N2 neuraminidase of cold adapted A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) enables efficient generation of live attenuated influenza vaccines.
Abstract
Cold adapted influenza virus A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) is a reliable master donor virus (Len/17-MDV) for preparing live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV). LAIVs are 6:2 reasortants that contain 6 segments of Len/17-MDV and the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of contemporary circulating influenza A viruses. The problem with the classical reassortment procedure used to generate LAIVs is that there is limited selection pressure against NA of the Len/17-MDV resulting in 7:1 reassortants with desired HA only, which are not suitable LAIVs. The monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against...
Source: Virology - July 12, 2018 Category: Virology Authors: Shcherbik S, Carney P, Pearce N, Stevens J, Dugan VG, Wentworth DE, Bousse T Tags: Virology Source Type: research
Safety, immunogenicity and protection of A(H3N2) live attenuated influenza vaccines containing wild-type nucleoprotein in a ferret model.
In this study, a panel of H3N2 LAIV candidates with wild-type NP genes derived from circulating viruses were generated by reverse genetics (5:3 genome composition). These viruses displayed the cold adaptation and temperature sensitivity phenotypes of MDV Len/17 in vitro. LAIVs with both 6:2 and 5:3 genome compositions were attenuated and replicated to a similar extent in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets. LAIVs were immunogenic as high neutralizing and hemagglutination inhibition serum antibody titers were detected 21 days after infection. All vaccinated animals were protected against infection with heterologous H3N...
Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution - June 19, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Korenkov DA, Laurie KL, Reading PC, Carolan LA, Chan KF, Isakova-Sivak II, Smolonogina TA, Subbarao K, Barr IG, Villanueva J, Shcherbik S, Bousse T, Rudenko LG Tags: Infect Genet Evol Source Type: research
Highly potent activity of isopulegol-derived substituted octahydro-2H-chromen-4-ols against influenza A and B viruses.
Abstract
A set of (-)-isopulegol derived octahydro-2H-chromen-4-ols was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for antiviral activity against panel of reference influenza virus strains differing in subtype, origin (human or avian) and drug resistance. Compound (4R)-11a produced via one-pot synthesis by interaction between (-)-isopulegol and acetone was found to exhibit an outstanding activity against a number of H1N1 and H2N2 influenza virus strains with selectivity index more than 1500. (4R)-11a was shown to be most potent at early stages of viral cycle. Good correlation between anti-viral activity and calcul...
Source: Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters - April 24, 2018 Category: Chemistry Authors: Ilyina IV, Zarubaev VV, Lavrentieva IN, Shtro AA, Esaulkova IL, Korchagina DV, Borisevich SS, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF Tags: Bioorg Med Chem Lett Source Type: research
Antiviral potential of natural compounds against influenza virus hemagglutinin.
Abstract
Influenza virus of different subtypes H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H5N1 cause many human pandemic deaths and threatening the people worldwide. The Hemagglutinin (HA) protein mediates viral attachment to host receptors act as an attractive target. The sixteen natural compounds have been chosen to target the HA protein. Molecular docking studies have been performed to find binding affinity of the compounds. Out of the sixteen, three compounds CI, CII and CIII found to posses a higher binding affinity. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been performed to study the structural, dynamical properties for...
Source: Computational Biology and Chemistry - November 4, 2017 Category: Bioinformatics Authors: Kannan S, Kolandaivel P Tags: Comput Biol Chem Source Type: research
The M2 protein of live, attenuated influenza vaccine encodes a mutation that reduces replication in human nasal epithelial cells.
Abstract
The influenza A virus components of the live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) encode the HA and NA gene segments from a circulating virus strain and the remaining gene segments from the cold-adapted master donor virus, A/Ann Arbor/6/1960 (H2N2). The master donor virus imparts at least three phenotypes: temperature-sensitivity (ts), attenuation (att), and cold-adaption (ca). The genetic loci responsible for the att and ts phenotypes of LAIV were mapped to PB1, PB2, and NP by reverse genetics experiments using immortalized cell lines. However, some in vivo studies have demonstrated that the M se...
Source: Vaccine - October 24, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Wohlgemuth N, Ye Y, Fenstermacher KJ, Liu H, Lane AP, Pekosz A Tags: Vaccine Source Type: research
Migratory birds in Southern Brazil are a source of multiple avian influenza virus subtypes
ConclusionsLagoa do Peixe National Park is a source of multiple AIV subtypes, with the levels of influenza virus in birds being highest at the end of their wintering period in this region. H6N1 viruses were the predominant subtype identified. These viruses were more similar to viruses of South American lineage than to those of North American lineage.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses)
Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses - September 1, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Jansen Araujo, Maria Virg ínia Petry, Thomas Fabrizio, David Walker, Tatiana Ometto, Luciano M. Thomazelli, Angelo L. Scherer, Patricia P. Serafini, Isaac S. Neto, Scott Krauss, Robert G. Webster, Richard J. Webby, Edison L. Durigon Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
Development of a realtime RT-PCR assay for the rapid detection of influenza A(H2) viruses
Publication date: Available online 23 June 2017 Source:Molecular and Cellular Probes Author(s): Komissarov Andrey, Fadeev Artem, Kosheleva Anna, Grudinin Mikhail Influenza and other acute respiratory infections are of great concern for public health, causing excessive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Influenza virus A(H2N2), which caused a pandemic of so called "Asian flu" in 1957 was expelled from the human population by the new pandemic virus subtype H3N2 in 1968, however, influenza A(H2) viruses continue to circulate in wild birds and poultry. The lack of immunity in human population and the continued...
Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes - June 23, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Novel multiplex assay platforms to detect influenza A hemagglutinin subtype ‐specific antibody responses for high‐throughput and in‐field applications
ConclusionMAGPIX and DPP platforms can be utilized for high‐throughput and in‐field detection of novel influenza virus infections. (Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses)
Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses - April 5, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Zhu ‐Nan Li, Jessica F. Trost, Kimberly M. Weber, Elizabeth H. LeMasters, Sharifa Nasreen, Javan Esfandiari, Angelo H. Gunasekera, Megan McCausland, Katharine Sturm‐Ramirez, Jens Wrammert, Sean Gregory, Vic Veguilla, James Stevens, Joseph D. Miller, J Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research
Theoretical study on the mechanism of the N2H4 plus O2 reaction on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces
Publication date: Available online 16 February 2017 Source:Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Author(s): Somaie Asgharzade, Morteza Vahedpour, Hamed Douroudgari Kinetic and mechanism of atmospheric reaction of hydrazine (N2H4) and molecular oxygen (O2) on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces have been investigated in details using ab initio and DFT methods. All stationary points involved in the title reaction were optimized at the B3LYP, MP2 and G3B3 methods of computation in connection with the 6-311++G (3df, 3pd) basis set. For calculation of accurate energies, the CCSD(T) method is applied. Also, ...
Source: Computational and Theoretical Chemistry - February 15, 2017 Category: Chemistry Source Type: research
Generation and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific to avian influenza H7N9 haemagglutinin protein
Conclusions: These antibodies may be useful in developing diagnostic tools for the detection of influenza H7N9 virus infections. (Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology)
Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology - December 7, 2016 Category: Microbiology Authors: A Malik VVA Mallajosyula NN Mishra AP Arukha R Varadarajan SK Gupta Source Type: research
Severe mortality impact of the 1957 influenza pandemic in Chile
ConclusionsThe estimated A/H2N2 mortality burden in Chile is the highest on record for this pandemic – about 3‐5 times as severe as that experienced in wealthier nations. The global impact of this pandemic may be substantially underestimated from previous studies based on high‐income countries.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses)
Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses - October 31, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Gerardo Chowell, Lone Simonsen, Rodrigo Fuentes, Jose Flores, Mark A. Miller, C écile Viboud Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
