Genes, Vol. 14, Pages 647: The Klinefelter Syndrome and Testicular Sperm Retrieval Outcomes
Genes, Vol. 14, Pages 647: The Klinefelter Syndrome and Testicular Sperm Retrieval Outcomes
Genes doi: 10.3390/genes14030647
Authors:
Rosália Sá
Luís Ferraz
Alberto Barros
Mário Sousa
Klinefelter syndrome (KS), caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome, is the most prevalent chromosomal sexual anomaly, with an estimated incidence of 1:500/1000 per male live birth (karyotype 47,XXY). High stature, tiny testicles, small penis, gynecomastia, feminine body proportions and hair, visceral obesity, and testicular failure are all symptoms of KS. Endocrine (osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, autoimmune disorders, cancer, neurocognitive disabilities, and infertility are also outcomes of KS. Causal theories are discussed in addition to hormonal characteristics and testicular histology. The retrieval of spermatozoa from the testicles for subsequent use in assisted reproduction treatments is discussed in the final sections. Despite testicular atrophy, reproductive treatments allow excellent results, with rates of 40–60% of spermatozoa recovery, 60% of clinical pregnancy, and 50% of newborns. This is followed by a review on the predictive factors for successful sperm retrieval. The risks of passing on the genetic defect to children are also discussed. Although the risk is low (0.63%) when compared to the general population (0.5–1%), patients should be informed about embryo selection through pre-implantation...
Source: Genes - Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Ros ália Sá Lu ís Ferraz Alberto Barros M ário Sousa Tags: Review Source Type: research
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