Anti-Ma1 and Anti-Ma2 associated encephalitis manifesting with Rapid Eye Movement Sleep disorder and narcolepsy with cataplexy: A case report
We report the case of a 67-year-old man admitted to the Family Medicine Inpatient Service with a 1-month history of worsening confusion, fatigue, severe hypersomnia, apathy, memory difficulties, new onset visual hallucinations and frequent falls. The majority of these symptoms began soon after he stopped drinking alcohol in order to take ciprofloxacin for a persistent “lung infection”. His family physician had been treating insomnia with Temazepam, which was discontinued five days before his admission. (Source: Biological Psychiatry)
Source: Biological Psychiatry - December 22, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Ilia Kritikou, Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Mark A. Rapp, Edward O. Bixler Source Type: research
Melatonin, hypnotics and their association with fracture: a matched cohort study
Conclusions
in this large cohort of patients attending UK primary care, prescriptions for melatonin and Z-drugs were associated with a significantly increased risk of fracture. With the use of melatonin increasing steadily overtime, this study adds to the literature on the safety profile of this drug. (Source: Age and Ageing)
Source: Age and Ageing - November 10, 2016 Category: Geriatrics Authors: Frisher, M., Gibbons, N., Bashford, J., Chapman, S., Weich, S. Tags: Research paper Source Type: research
Melatonin, hypnotics and their association with fracture: a matched cohort study
Conclusions</div>in this large cohort of patients attending UK primary care, prescriptions for melatonin and Z-drugs were associated with a significantly increased risk of fracture. With the use of melatonin increasing steadily overtime, this study adds to the literature on the safety profile of this drug.</span> (Source: Age and Ageing)
Source: Age and Ageing - November 1, 2016 Category: Geriatrics Source Type: research
Review Reveals Complex Association Between Hypnotic Medications and Suicidality
Modern hypnotic medications are associated with suicidality, but the association may often be confounded by the presence of mental illness. Moreover, many hypnotic-associated suicides have also involved use of other sedatives or alcohol. Finally, hypnotic-associated suicide may also occur specifically at times of peak drug effect —an occurrence that might be mitigated by judicious prescription and use of hypnotic medications.Those are among the complex findings around the association of hypnotic medications and risk of suicide from areview of literature and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse-event reports publish...
Source: Psychiatr News - September 22, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Tags: ajp in advance FDA hypnotic medications literature review suicide Source Type: research
Medication use and the risk of motor vehicle collisions among licensed drivers: A systematic review
Conclusions Several medications were associated with an increased risk of MVC and decreased driving ability. The associations between specific medication use and the increased risk of MVC and/or affected driving ability are complex. Future research opportunities are plentiful and worthy of such investigation. (Source: Accident Analysis and Prevention)
Source: Accident Analysis and Prevention - August 28, 2016 Category: Accident Prevention Source Type: research
Medication use and the risk of motor vehicle collisions among licensed drivers: A systematic review.
CONCLUSIONS: Several medications were associated with an increased risk of MVC and decreased driving ability. The associations between specific medication use and the increased risk of MVC and/or affected driving ability are complex. Future research opportunities are plentiful and worthy of such investigation.
PMID: 27569655 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention.)
Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. - August 24, 2016 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Rudisill TM, Zhu M, Kelley GA, Pilkerton C, Rudisill BR Tags: Accid Anal Prev Source Type: research
Characterization of equine cytochrome P450: role of CYP3A in the metabolism of diazepam
This study elucidated the characteristics of equine CYPs using diazepam (DZP) as a model compound as this drug is widely used as an anesthetic and sedative in horses, and is principally metabolized by CYPs. Diazepam metabolic activities were measured in vitro using horse and rat liver microsomes to clarify the species differences in enzyme kinetic parameters of each metabolite (temazepam [TMZ], nordiazepam [NDZ], p‐hydroxydiazepam [p‐OH‐DZP], and oxazepam [OXZ]). In both species microsomes, TMZ was the major metabolite, but the formation rate of p‐OH‐DZP was significantly less in the horse. Inhibition assays wit...
Source: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics - March 11, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: S. M. M. Nakayama, Y. Ikenaka, A. Hayami, H. Mizukawa, W. S. Darwish, K. P. Watanabe, Y. K. Kawai, M. Ishizuka Tags: Scientific Paper Source Type: research
Emerging role of orexin antagonists in insomnia therapeutics: An update on SORAs and DORAs.
Abstract
The pharmacological management of insomnia has lately become a challenge for researchers worldwide. As per the third International Classification of Sleep disorders (ICSD-3) insomnia can be defined as a state with repeated difficulty in sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep, and results in some form of daytime impairment. The conventional treatments approved for management of insomnia were benzodiazepines (BZDs) (estazolam, quazepam, triazolam, flurazepam and temazepam) and non-BZDs, also known as z-drugs (zaleplo...
Source: Pharmacological Reports - February 29, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Kumar A, Chanana P, Choudhary S Tags: Pharmacol Rep Source Type: research
Effects of oral temazepam on slow waves during non-rapid eye movement sleep in healthy young adults: A high-density EEG investigation
This study used high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) to evaluate the effects of oral temazepam on slow wave activity, incidence, and morphology during NREM sleep in 18 healthy adults relative to placebo. Temazepam was associated with significant decreases in slow wave activity and incidence, which were most prominent in the latter portions of the sleep period. However, temazepam was also associated with a decrease in the magnitude of high-amplitude slow waves and their slopes in the first NREM sleep episode, which was most prominent in frontal derivations. These findings suggest that benzodiazepines produce changes ...
Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology - January 18, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Feline hepatic biotransformation of diazepam: Differences between cats and dogs
Publication date: December 2015 Source:Research in Veterinary Science, Volume 103 Author(s): Cyrina D. van Beusekom, Jeroen J.M.W. van den Heuvel, Jan B. Koenderink, Frans G.M. Russel, Johannes A. Schrickx In contrast to humans and dogs, diazepam has been reported to induce severe hepatic side effects in cats, particularly after repeated dosing. With the aim to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this apparent sensitivity of cats to drug-induced liver injury, in a series of in vitro experiments, the feline-specific biotransformation of diazepam was studied with liver microsomes obtained from cats and dogs and...
Source: Research in Veterinary Science - October 30, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep-disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this review show that currently no evidence suggests that the pharmacological compounds assessed have a deleterious effect on the severity of OSA as measured by change in AHI or ODI. Significant clinical and statistical decreases in minimum overnight SpO2 were observed with remifentanil, zolpidem 20 mg and triazolam 0.25 mg. Eszopiclone 3 mg and sodium oxybate 4.5 g showed a beneficial effect on the severity of OSA with a reduction in AHI and may merit further assessment as a potential therapeutic option for a subgroup of patients with OSA. Only one trial assessed the effect of an opioid (remif...
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - July 14, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Mason M, Cates CJ, Smith I Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research
Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites.
This study addresses the occurrence of carbamazepine and diazepam and their metabolites in the wastewater of the University Hospital (HUSM) of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS-Brazil. Samples were collected from three sampling points of the sewage treatment system: point A ('emergency effluent'), point B ('general effluent') and point C ('water course-receptor'). Eight metabolites were identified: carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, 10-dihydro-carbamazepine, 2-OH-carbamazepine, iminoquinone, acridone, nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam. The mean concentrations in the emergency, general effluent and water course-receptor...
Source: Environmental Science and Pollution Research International - July 3, 2015 Category: Environmental Health Authors: de Almeida CA, Oliveira MS, Mallmann CA, Martins AF Tags: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Source Type: research
Effects of oral temazepam on sleep spindles during non-rapid eye movement sleep: A High-density EEG investigation
This study utilized high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) to investigate topographic changes in sleep spindles and spindle-range activity caused by temazepam during NREM sleep in 18 healthy adults. After an accommodation night, sleep for all participants was recorded on two separate nights after taking either placebo or oral temazepam 15mg. (Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology)
Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology - July 2, 2015 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: D.T. Plante, M.R. Goldstein, J.D. Cook, R. Smith, B.A. Riedner, M.E. Rumble, L. Jelenchick, A. Roth, G. Tononi, R.M. Benca, M.J. Peterson Source Type: research
Randomised clinical trial of the effects of prolonged-release melatonin, temazepam and zolpidem on slow-wave activity during sleep in healthy people
Current pharmacological treatments for insomnia include benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics targeting -aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors, as well as agonists of the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2. Melatonin, temazepam and zolpidem are thought to exert their effect through different mechanisms of action, but whether this leads to differential effects on electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra during sleep in middle-aged people is currently not known. To establish whether the effects of prolonged-release melatonin (2 mg) on the nocturnal sleep EEG are different to those of temazepam (20 mg) and zolpidem (10 m...
Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology - June 15, 2015 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Arbon, E. L., Knurowska, M., Dijk, D.-J. Tags: Original Papers Source Type: research
Catatonia and CPK elevation in neurosyphilis: role of plural pharmacodynamic mechanisms.
CONCLUSIONS: This appears to be the first case report of catatonia without NMS associated with each of the following: neurosyphilis, aripiprazole, and temazepam withdrawal. This case further adds to the emerging literature of catatonia arising with valproate and atypical antipsychotic co-administration, and of non-NMS catatonia associated with CPK elevations. Plural simultaneously - operant pharmacodynamic mechanisms may explain catatonia of unclear etiology and reconcile a seemingly contradictory literature (e.g., the capacity of certain drugs (e.g., aripiprazole, valproate) to either relieve or precipitate catatonia depe...
Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin - June 5, 2015 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Psychopharmacol Bull Source Type: research
