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Total 137 results found since Jan 2013.

Modeling the impact of changes in tobacco use on individual disease risks.
Abstract Reduced Risk Products (RRPs) do not burn tobacco and produce lower levels of toxicants than in cigarette smoke. The long-term effects of using RRPs on health are difficult to assess in a pre-market setting and a modeling approach is required to quantify harm reduction. The Population Health Impact Model (Weitkunat et al., 2015) follows a hypothetical population of individuals over time, creating their tobacco use histories and, based on these, estimating relative and absolute risks of lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Linking the tobacco use to the risk...
Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP - June 9, 2018 Category: Toxicology Authors: Djurdjevic S, Sponsiello-Wang Z, Lee PN, Fry JS, Weitkunat R, Lüdicke F, Baker G Tags: Regul Toxicol Pharmacol Source Type: research

Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate promotes endothelial integrity via regulating VE-cadherin dynamics and RhoA/ROCK-mediated cellular contractility and prevents atorvastatin-induced intracerebral hemorrhage in zebrafish.
Abstract Impaired vascular integrity leads to serious cerebral vascular diseases such as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In addition, high-dose statin therapy is suggested to cause increased ICH risk due to unclear effects of general inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) on the vascular system. Here we evaluated the protective effects of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS), which has high efficacy and safety in clinical studies of ischemic stroke, by using atorvastatin (Ator) induced ICH zebrafish embryos and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). By using double transgenic Tg(...
Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology - May 3, 2018 Category: Toxicology Authors: Zhou ZY, Huang B, Li S, Huang XH, Tang JY, Kwan YW, Hoi PM, Lee SM Tags: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol Source Type: research

Cardiometabolic response of juvenile rainbow trout exposed to dietary selenomethionine
Publication date: Available online 8 March 2018 Source:Aquatic Toxicology Author(s): Connor M. Pettem, Jennifer M. Briens, David M. Janz, Lynn P. Weber Selenium (Se) is considered as an essential trace element, involved in important physiological and metabolic functions for all vertebrate species. Fish require dietary concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5 μg Se/g dry mass (d.m.) to maintain normal physiological and selenoprotein function, however concentrations exceeding 3 μg/g d.m. have been shown to cause toxicity. As Se is reported to have a narrow margin between essentiality and toxicity, there is growing concern surroun...
Source: Aquatic Toxicology - March 9, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research

Functional outcomes following ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin type A injections to reduce spastic equinovarus in adult post-stroke patients.
CONCLUSION: Spastic equinovarus deformity observed in patients after stroke creates significant limitations in the patient's functional walking speed and distance. As a result, when BoNT-A injections accompanied by ultrasound to improve equinovarus deformity considering the innervation zones of the muscles with a specific approach are administered directly into the muscle at the correct point, we can say it provides hopeful results from a functional point of view. PMID: 29530514 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Toxicon - March 9, 2018 Category: Toxicology Authors: Aktürk S, Büyükavcı R, Ersoy Y Tags: Toxicon Source Type: research

Cardiometabolic response of juvenile rainbow trout exposed to dietary selenomethionine.
Abstract Selenium (Se) is considered an essential trace element, involved in important physiological and metabolic functions for all vertebrate species. Fish require dietary concentrations of 0.1-0.5 μg Se/g dry mass (d.m.) to maintain normal physiological and selenoprotein function, however concentrations exceeding 3 μg/g d.m. have been shown to cause toxicity. As Se is reported to have a narrow margin between essentiality and toxicity, there is growing concern surrounding the adverse effects of elevated Se exposure caused by anthropogenic activities. Previous studies have reported that elevated dietary exp...
Source: Aquatic Toxicology - March 8, 2018 Category: Toxicology Authors: Pettem CM, Briens JM, Janz DM, Weber LP Tags: Aquat Toxicol Source Type: research

Astragaloside IV protects blood-brain barrier integrity from LPS-induced disruption via activating Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway in mice.
Abstract Endothelial cells of cerebral microvessels are one of the components of blood-brain-barrier (BBB), which are connected by tight junctions (TJs). BBB disruption in cerebral diseases such as ischemic stroke, Alzhemer's disease, multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury is implicated to exacerbate the disease progression. Astragaloside IV (ASIV) isolated from Astragalus membranaceus prevents BBB breakdown in rodents induced with cerebral edema and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, its underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated yet. In present study, ASIV was found to prevent...
Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology - December 30, 2017 Category: Toxicology Authors: Li H, Wang P, Huang F, Jin J, Wu H, Zhang B, Wang Z, Shi H, Wu X Tags: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol Source Type: research

Cardio-Respiratory function during exercise in the cobia, Rachycentron canadum: The impact of crude oil exposure
In this study, we test this hypothesis by simultaneously measuring cardiovascular performance, oxygen consumption, and swim performance in a pelagic teleost, the cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Metabolic rate increased over 300% in both groups during the swim trial but as the fish approached the critical swim speed (U crit) MO2 was 12% lower in the oil exposed fish. Further stroke volume was initially 35% lower while heart rate was 15% higher in the oil exposed compared to control fish. Our findings suggested while aspects of cardiovascular and metabolic function are altered by oil exposure, additional studies are needed to ...
Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology - September 20, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research

Patterns of botulinum toxin treatment for spasticity and bleeding complications in patients with thrombotic risk.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of compartment syndrome or major bleeding episodes and compare compartment syndrome, patient and intervention characteristics in 110 patients with stroke (treated with Warfarin, new oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet, or no anticoagulants) treated for spasticity in deep leg compartment muscles with botulinum toxin injections [onabotulinumtoxinA (n = 77); incobotulinumtoxinA (n = 33)]. We reviewed 674 injection cycles (range 1-25 cycles per patient) and found no cases of compartment syndrome in any patient groups. PMID: 28919457 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Toxicon - September 15, 2017 Category: Toxicology Authors: Phadke CP, Thanikachalam V, Ismail F, Boulias C Tags: Toxicon Source Type: research

Heart Rate Variability modifications induced by high doses of IncobotulinumtoxinA and OnabotulinumtoxinA in hemiplegic chronic stroke patients: A single blind randomized controlled, crossover pilot study.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that high doses (>600 U) of incobotulinumtoxinA and onabotulinumtoxinA do not influence the cardiovascular activity of the autonomic nervous system in chronic hemiplegic spastic stroke survivors. PMID: 28877510 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Toxicon - September 3, 2017 Category: Toxicology Authors: Baricich A, Grana E, Carda S, Santamato A, Molinari C, Cisari C, Invernizzi M Tags: Toxicon Source Type: research

Fatal stroke after Bothrops snakebite in the Amazonas state, Brazil: A case report.
Abstract Bothrops atrox is the snake responsible for the majority of snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon. Patients generally evolve to local manifestations such as edema, pain and ecchymoses. Systemic effects of B. atrox venom are usually restricted to blood incoagulability and spontaneous bleeding. However, in a few cases, bleeding in the central nervous system may occur, which can lead to sequels and deaths. Here, we report a case of a 59 year-old woman who presented edema, pain and ecchymoses on the right foot, headache, nausea, diarrhea, hypertension and blood incoagulability after the bite by Bothrops snake in...
Source: Toxicon - August 22, 2017 Category: Toxicology Authors: Silva de Oliveira S, Freitas-de-Sousa LA, Alves EC, de Lima Ferreira LC, da Silva IM, de Lacerda MVG, Fan HW, Mourada-Silva AM, Monteiro WM Tags: Toxicon Source Type: research

Caffeine and cardiovascular health
This report evaluates the scientific literature on caffeine with respect to potential cardiovascular outcomes, specifically relative risks of total cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), effects on arrhythmia, heart failure, sudden cardiac arrest, stroke, blood pressure, hypertension, and other biomarkers of effect, including heart rate, cerebral blood flow, cardiac output, plasma homocysteine levels, serum cholesterol levels, electrocardiogram (EKG) parameters, heart rate variability, endothelial/platelet function and plasma/urine catecholamine levels. Caffeine in...
Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology - July 27, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research

Caffeine and cardiovascular health.
This report evaluates the scientific literature on caffeine with respect to potential cardiovascular outcomes, specifically relative risks of total cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), effects on arrhythmia, heart failure, sudden cardiac arrest, stroke, blood pressure, hypertension, and other biomarkers of effect, including heart rate, cerebral blood flow, cardiac output, plasma homocysteine levels, serum cholesterol levels, electrocardiogram (EKG) parameters, heart rate variability, endothelial/platelet function and plasma/urine catecholamine levels. Caffeine in...
Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP - July 26, 2017 Category: Toxicology Authors: Turnbull D, Rodricks JV, Mariano GF, Chowdhury F Tags: Regul Toxicol Pharmacol Source Type: research

Estimating the effect of differing assumptions on the population health impact of introducing a Reduced Risk Tobacco Product in the USA
Publication date: Available online 24 June 2017 Source:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology Author(s): Peter N. Lee, John S. Fry, John F. Hamling, Zheng Sponsiello-Wang, Gizelle Baker, Rolf Weitkunat We use Population Health Impact Modelling to assess effects on tobacco prevalence and mortality of introducing a Reduced Risk Tobacco Product (RRP). Simulated samples start in 1990 with a US-representative smoking prevalence. Individual tobacco histories are updated annually until 2010 using estimated probabilities of switching between never/current/former smoking where the RRP is not introduced, with current users subdivid...
Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology - June 24, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research

Estimating the effect of differing assumptions on the population health impact of introducing a Reduced Risk Tobacco Product in the USA.
Abstract We use Population Health Impact Modelling to assess effects on tobacco prevalence and mortality of introducing a Reduced Risk Tobacco Product (RRP). Simulated samples start in 1990 with a US-representative smoking prevalence. Individual tobacco histories are updated annually until 2010 using estimated probabilities of switching between never/current/former smoking where the RRP is not introduced, with current users subdivided into cigarette/RRP/dual users where it is. RRP-related mortality reductions from lung cancer, IHD, stroke and COPD are derived from the histories and the assumed relative risks of th...
Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP - June 23, 2017 Category: Toxicology Authors: Lee PN, Fry JS, Hamling JF, Sponsiello-Wang Z, Baker G, Weitkunat R Tags: Regul Toxicol Pharmacol Source Type: research

The role of platelets in hemostasis and the effects of snake venom toxins on platelet function.
Abstract The human body has a set of physiological processes, known as hemostasis, which keeps the blood fluid and free of clots in normal vessels; in the case of vascular injury, this process induces the local formation of a hemostatic plug, preventing hemorrhage. The hemostatic system in humans presents complex physiological interactions that involve platelets, plasma proteins, endothelial and subendothelial structures. Disequilibrium in the regulatory mechanisms that control the growth and the size of the thrombus is one of the factors that favors the development of diseases related to vascular disorders such a...
Source: Toxicon - April 20, 2017 Category: Toxicology Authors: de Queiroz MR, de Sousa BB, da Cunha Pereira DF, Mamede CCN, Matias MS, de Morais NCG, de Oliveira Costa J, de Oliveira F Tags: Toxicon Source Type: research