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Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1048: A Web Tool to Estimate Baseline Anti-Spike Monoclonal Antibody Efficacy Based on Regional Genomic Surveillance
i Drug appropriateness is a pillar of modern evidence-based medicine, but the turnaround times of genomic sequencing are not compatible with the urgent need to deliver treatments against microorganisms. Massive worldwide genomic surveillance has created an unprecedented landscape for exploiting viral sequencing for therapeutic purposes. When it comes to therapeutic antiviral antibodies, using IC50 against specific polymorphisms of the target antigen can be calculated in vitro, and a list of mutations leading to drug resistance (immune escape) can be compiled. The author encountered this type of knowledge (available fro...
Source: Viruses - April 25, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Daniele Focosi Tags: Protocol Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1040: Mechanistic-Based Classification of Endocytosis-Related Inhibitors: Does It Aid in Assigning Drugs against SARS-CoV-2?
Smolic Martina Smolic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) canonically utilizes clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and several other endocytic mechanisms to invade airway epithelial cells. Endocytic inhibitors, particularly those targeting CME-related proteins, have been identified as promising antiviral drugs. Currently, these inhibitors are ambiguously classified as chemical, pharmaceutical, or natural inhibitors. However, their varying mechanisms may suggest a more realistic classification system. Herein, we present a new mechanistic-based classification of endocytosis inhibitors, in which...
Source: Viruses - April 23, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Mohamed Hessien Thoria Donia Ashraf A. Tabll Eiman Adly Tawfeek H. Abdelhafez Amany Attia Samar Sami Alkafaas Lucija Kuna Marija Glasnovic Vesna Cosic Robert Smolic Martina Smolic Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1026: Lipid Accumulation in Host Cells Promotes SARS-CoV-2 Replication
llerbrand Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is still affecting the lives of people around the globe and remains a major public health threat. Lipid levels in the host cells have been shown to promote SARS-CoV-2 replication, and since the start of COVID-19 pandemic, several studies have linked obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome with severity of illness, as well as mortality in patients with COVID-19. The aim of this study was to obtain insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of these associations. First, we established an in vitro model simulating high fatty acid levels and showed that this s...
Source: Viruses - April 21, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Tatjana Seitz Christian Setz Pia Rauch Ulrich Schubert Claus Hellerbrand Tags: Brief Report Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1001: Discovery of Highly Potent Small Molecule Pan-Coronavirus Fusion Inhibitors
We report the discovery of several highly potent small-molecule inhibitors. One of which, NBCoV63, showed low nM potency against SARS-CoV-2 (IC50: 55 nM), SARS-CoV-1 (IC50: 59 nM), and MERS-CoV (IC50: 75 nM) in pseudovirus-based assays with excellent selectivity indices (SI > 900), suggesting its pan-coronavirus inhibition. NBCoV63 showed equally effective antiviral potency against SARS-CoV-2 mutant (D614G) and several variants of concerns (VOCs) such as B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.1.529/BA.1 and BA.4/BA.5 (Omicron), and K417T/E484K/N501Y (Gamma). NBCoV63 also showed similar efficacy profiles to Remdesivir against au...
Source: Viruses - April 19, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Francesca Curreli Kent Chau Thanh-Thuy Tran Isabella Nicolau Shahad Ahmed Pujita Das Christopher D. Hillyer Mary Premenko-Lanier Asim K. Debnath Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1000: The Envelope (E) Protein of SARS-CoV-2 as a Pharmacological Target
a The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is still a global health concern. Several spike (S) protein-based vaccines have been developed that efficiently protect the human population against severe forms of COVID-19. However, some SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have emerged that evade the protective effect of vaccine-induced antibodies. Therefore, efficient and specific antiviral treatments to control COVID-19 are indispensable. To date, two drugs have been approved for mild COVID-19 treatment; nevertheless, more drugs, preferably broad-spectrum and ready-to-use therapeutic agents for new pandemics,...
Source: Viruses - April 19, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Teresa Santos-Mendoza Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 999: Virulence Profiles of Wild-Type, P.1 and Delta SARS-CoV-2 Variants in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice
Leonardo José de Moura Carvalho Maria Cecília Rui Luvizotto Carsten Wrenger Dimas Tadeu Covas Rui Curi Claudio Romero Farias Marinho Edison Luiz Durigon Sabrina Epiphanio Since December 2019, the world has been experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and we now face the emergence of several variants. We aimed to assess the differences between the wild-type (Wt) (Wuhan) strain and the P.1 (Gamma) and Delta variants using infected K18-hACE2 mice. The clinical manifestations, behavior, virus load, pulmonary capacity, and histopatholog...
Source: Viruses - April 19, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Yasmin da Silva Santos Thais Helena Martins Gamon Marcela Santiago Pacheco de Azevedo Bruna Larotonda Telezynski Edmarcia Elisa de Souza Danielle Bruna Leal de Oliveira Jamille Greg ório Dombrowski Livia Rosa-Fernandes Giuseppe Palmisano Leonardo Jos é Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 989: The Flavonoid Cyanidin Shows Immunomodulatory and Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Properties, Including SARS-CoV-2
In this study, we report that A18 restricts RSV, HSV-1, canine coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 multiplication, indicating a broad-spectrum antiviral activity. We also found that A18 can control cytokine and NF-κB induction in RSV-infected cells independently of its antiviral activity. Furthermore, in mice infected with RSV, A18 not only significantly reduces viral titers in the lungs, but also diminishes lung injury. Thus, these results provide evidence that A18 could be used as a broad-spectrum antiviral and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic targets to control these viral infections and pathogenesis.
Source: Viruses - April 18, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Josefina Vicente Martina Benedetti Paula Martelliti Luciana V ázquez Mar ía Virginia Gentilini Freddy Armando Pe ñaranda Figueredo Mercedes Soledad Nabaes Jodar Mariana Viegas Andrea Alejandra Barquero Carlos Alberto Bueno Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 996: Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Exposed Seronegative Individuals
el D. Grant Some SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals develop immunity without overt infection. We identified 11 individuals who were negative by nucleic acid testing during prolonged close contact and with no serological diagnosis of infection. As this could reflect natural immunity, cross-reactive immunity from previous coronavirus exposure, abortive infection due to de novo immune responses, or other factors, our objective was to characterize immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in these individuals. Blood was processed into plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and screened for IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies (Ab) aga...
Source: Viruses - April 18, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Natasha J. Norton Kayla A. Holder Danielle P. Ings Debbie O. A. Harnum Rodney S. Russell Michael D. Grant Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 972: Liposomal Lactoferrin Exerts Antiviral Activity against HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 Pseudoviruses In Vitro
rrero A limited number of effective therapies are currently available to treat human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses, which are responsible for nearly a third of global cases of the common cold. The possibility of new emerging coronaviruses demands powerful new antiviral strategies. Lactoferrin is a well-known protein that possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, and it has previously shown antiviral activity against several viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. To increase this antiviral activity, here we present bovine liposomal lactoferrin. Liposomal encapsulation of the compound wa...
Source: Viruses - April 15, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Sabina Andreu In és Ripa Raquel Bello-Morales Jos é Antonio López-Guerrero Tags: Communication Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 964: Efficacy of Plant-Made Human Recombinant ACE2 against COVID-19 in a Golden Syrian Hamster Model
In conclusion, the potential therapeutic efficacy of plant-based proteins, hrACE2 and hrACE2-Fd, against COVID-19 was confirmed in a SARS-CoV-2-inoculated Golden Syrian hamster model. Further preclinical studies on primates and humans are necessary to obtain additional evidence and determine the effectiveness of these therapies.
Source: Viruses - April 14, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Choon-Mee Kim Dong-Min Kim Mi-Seon Bang Jun-Won Seo Da-Young Kim Na-Ra Yun Sung-Chul Lim Ju-Hyung Lee Eun-Ju Sohn Hyangju Kang Kyungmin Min Bo-Hwa Choi Sangmin Lee Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 946: Upper Respiratory Infection Drives Clinical Signs and Inflammatory Responses Following Heterologous Challenge of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in K18 Mice
In conclusion, our results suggested self-limiting breakthrough infections of Alpha or Delta in the URT, which correlated with clinical signs and a significant inflammatory response in mice.
Source: Viruses - April 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Jacob H. Nichols Evan P. Williams Jyothi Parvathareddy Xueyuan Cao Ying Kong Elizabeth Fitzpatrick Richard J. Webby Colleen B. Jonsson Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 944: Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies
Chow Sunil K. Lal The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to multiple variants with varying pathogenicity and transmissibility, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. Individuals with advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are at a higher risk of increased disease severity. Hence, this has resulted in an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic and preventive approaches. This review describes the origin...
Source: Viruses - April 10, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Nur Zawanah Zabidi Hern Liang Liew Isra Ahmad Farouk Ashwini Puniyamurti Ashley Jia Wen Yip Vindya Nilakshi Wijesinghe Zheng Yao Low Julian W. Tang Vincent T. K. Chow Sunil K. Lal Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 934: Changes in the Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections among Children in Novosibirsk, Russia, between 2019 and 2022: The Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Alexander M. Shestopalov Kirill A. Sharshov A wide range of human respiratory viruses are known that may cause acute respiratory infections (ARIs), such as influenza A and B viruses (HIFV), respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), coronavirus (HCoV), parainfluenza virus (HPIV), metapneumovirus (HMPV), rhinovirus (HRV), adenovirus (HAdV), bocavirus (HBoV), and others. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the COronaVIrus Disease (COVID) that lead to pandemic in 2019 and significantly impacted on the circulation of ARIs. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the epidemic patte...
Source: Viruses - April 9, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Olga G. Kurskaya Elena A. Prokopyeva Ivan A. Sobolev Mariya V. Solomatina Tereza A. Saroyan Nikita A. Dubovitskiy Anastasiya A. Derko Alina R. Nokhova Angelika V. Anoshina Natalya V. Leonova Olga A. Simkina Tatyana V. Komissarova Alexander M. Shestopalov Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 916: SARS-CoV-2-Induced Myocarditis: A State-of-the-Art Review
We report evidence suggesting an extremely low frequency of viral myocarditis that has also been associated with unclear therapeutic implications. These two key factors strongly point towards the use of an endomyocardial biopsy to irrefutably reach a diagnosis of viral myocarditis in the context of COVID-19.
Source: Viruses - April 2, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Francesco Nappi Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 902: Molecular Modeling of Viral Type I Fusion Proteins: Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and the Spike Protein of Coronavirus
khutdinov The fusion of viral and cell membranes is one of the basic processes in the life cycles of viruses. A number of enveloped viruses confer fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane using surface viral fusion proteins. Their conformational rearrangements lead to the unification of lipid bilayers of cell membranes and viral envelopes and the formation of fusion pores through which the viral genome enters the cytoplasm of the cell. A deep understanding of all the stages of conformational transitions preceding the fusion of viral and cell membranes is necessary for the development of specific inhibitors of...
Source: Viruses - March 31, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Sophia S. Borisevich Vladimir V. Zarubaev Dmitriy N. Shcherbakov Olga I. Yarovaya Nariman F. Salakhutdinov Tags: Review Source Type: research