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Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1500: SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Is Capable of Inducing Cell & ndash;Cell Fusions Independent from Its Receptor ACE2 and This Activity Can Be Impaired by Furin Inhibitors or a Subset of Monoclonal Antibodies
In conclusion, our BSL-1-compatible DSP assay allowed us to screen for inhibitors or antibodies that interfere with the spike’s fusogenic activity and may therefore contribute to both rational vaccine design and development of novel treatment options against SARS-CoV-2.
Source: Viruses - July 4, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Nina Reuter Xiaohan Chen Barbara Kropff Antonia Sophia Peter William J. Britt Michael Mach Klaus Überla Marco Thomas Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1498: Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1 & beta; Upregulate NRP2 Expression and Promote SARS-CoV-2 Proliferation
Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1498: Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1β Upregulate NRP2 Expression and Promote SARS-CoV-2 Proliferation Viruses doi: 10.3390/v15071498 Authors: Michinori Ishitoku Sho Mokuda Kei Araki Hirofumi Watanabe Hiroki Kohno Tomohiro Sugimoto Yusuke Yoshida Takemasa Sakaguchi Junya Masumoto Shintaro Hirata Eiji Sugiyama Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), utilizes the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the auxiliary receptor Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) to enter host cells. NRP1...
Source: Viruses - July 3, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Michinori Ishitoku Sho Mokuda Kei Araki Hirofumi Watanabe Hiroki Kohno Tomohiro Sugimoto Yusuke Yoshida Takemasa Sakaguchi Junya Masumoto Shintaro Hirata Eiji Sugiyama Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1493: SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence and Variant Surveillance among Cats in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variant infection of cats in an urban setting. We investigated the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variant infections in domestic and community cats in the city of Pittsburgh (n = 272). While no cats tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA, 35 cats (12.86%) tested SARS-CoV-2-antibody-positive. Further, we compared a cat-specific experimental lateral flow assay (eLFA) and species-agnostic surrogate virus neutralization assay (sVNT) for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in cats (n = 71). The eLFA demonstrated 100% specificity compared to sVNT. The eLFA also showed ...
Source: Viruses - June 30, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Santhamani Ramasamy Abhinay Gontu Sabarinath Neerukonda Diana Ruggiero Becky Morrow Sheweta Gupta Saranya Amirthalingam John M. Hardham Joshua T. Lizer Michele Yon Ruth H. Nissly Padmaja Jakka Shubhada K. Chothe Lindsey C. LaBella Deepanker Tewari Meera S Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1492: The Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Variant ECQ1
In this study, 633 fecal samples collected from diarrheic piglets in China during 2017–2019 were analyzed, and 50.08% (317/633) of these samples were PEDV-positive. The full-length spike (S) genes of 36 samples were sequenced, and a genetic evolution analysis was performed. The results showed that thirty S genes belonged to the GII-a genotype and six S genes belonged to the GII-b genotype. From the PEDV-positive samples, one strain, designated ECQ1, was successfully isolated, and its full-length genome sequence was determined. Interestingly, ECQ1 is a recombinant PEDV between the GII-a (major parent) and GII-...
Source: Viruses - June 30, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Xiaowei Mei Jiahui Guo Puxian Fang Jun Ma Mingxiang Li Liurong Fang Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1463: Filter-Free, Harmless, and Single-Wavelength Far UV-C Germicidal Light for Reducing Airborne Pathogenic Viral Infection
In this study, we demonstrate a filter-free, harmless, and single-wavelength far UV-C 207 nm germicidal light source that can be used to inactivate different respiratory viruses. It can be exploited as a safe and effective disinfection tool for various airborne viruses. We successfully developed a single-wavelength far UV-C source that produces an exact wavelength of 207 nm. We examined its safety on human skin and corneal cell lines, as well as its effects on inactivating different airborne viruses, such as coronavirus, adenovirus, and vaccinia virus. We expect that our far UV-C lamps can be safely and conveniently used t...
Source: Viruses - June 28, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Cao-Sang Truong Palaniyandi Muthukutty Ho Kyung Jang Young-Ho Kim Dong Hoon Lee So Young Yoo Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1449: Expert Consensus: Main Risk Factors for Poor Prognosis in COVID-19 and the Implications for Targeted Measures against SARS-CoV-2
Juan María González del Castillo Sarah Béatrice Heili Francisco Javier Martínez-Peromingo Rosario Menéndez Santiago Moreno José Luís Pablos Juan Pasquau José Luis Piñana The clinical evolution of patients infected with the Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) depends on the complex interplay between viral and host factors. The evolution to less aggressive but better-transmitted viral variants, and the presence of immune memory responses in a growing number of vaccinated and/or virus-exposed individuals, has caused the pandemic to slowly wane in virulence. However, there are st...
Source: Viruses - June 27, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Francisco Javier Candel Pablo Barreiro Miguel Salavert Alfonso Cabello Mario Fern ández-Ruiz Pedro P érez-Segura Jes ús San Román Juan Berenguer Ra úl Córdoba Rafael Delgado Pedro Pablo Espa ña Ignacio Alberto G ómez-Centurión Juan Mar ía Gonzá Tags: Systematic Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1448: Lack of Evidence for a Role of ACE-2 Polymorphisms as a Bedside Clinical Prognostic Marker of COVID-19
eresa A. Santantonio The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causes a severe respiratory syndrome referred to as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) plays an important role as a cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and is largely expressed in lungs, kidneys, heart and the gastrointestinal tract along with being shed in plasma. The ACE-2 gene and protein show a high level of genetic polymorphism, including simple nucleotide variation, transcriptional variation, post-transcriptional changes, and putative protein mutations that could interfere with the binding or entry of SARS-CoV-2 and affect...
Source: Viruses - June 27, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Jos è R. Fiore Mariantonietta Di Stefano Andrew Oler Yu Zhang Jingwen Gu Clifton L. Dalgard Giuseppina Faleo Brian Epling Luigi Notarangelo Andrea Lisco Teresa A. Santantonio Tags: Brief Report Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1435: Cluster Analysis Identifies Distinct Patterns of T-Cell and Humoral Immune Responses Evolution Following a Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in People Living with HIV
Conclusions: Our findings show heterogeneity in immune responses among SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated PLWH. Specific subgroups could therefore benefit from distinct immunization strategies. Prior or breakthrough natural infection enhances the activity of vaccines and must be taken into account for informing global vaccine strategies among PLWH, even those with a viro-immunologically controlled infection.
Source: Viruses - June 26, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Majdouline El Moussaoui Salom é Desmecht Nicolas Lambert Nathalie Maes Joachim Braghini Nicole Marechal C éline Quintana Karine Briquet St éphanie Gofflot Franc ̧oise Toussaint Marie-Pierre Hayette Pieter Vermeersch Laurence Lutteri C éline Grégoire Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1432: Applications of the Microscale Thermophoresis Binding Assay in COVID-19 Research
Hediger As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to emerge. This underscores the need to develop optimized tools to study such variants, along with new coronaviruses that may arise in the future. Such tools will also be instrumental in the development of new antiviral drugs. Here, we introduce microscale thermophoresis (MST) as a reliable and versatile tool for coronavirus research, which we demonstrate through three different applications described in this report: (1) binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) to peptides as a strategy to prevent virus entry, (2) bin...
Source: Viruses - June 25, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Damian T. Nydegger Jonai Pujol-Gim énez Palanivel Kandasamy Bruno Vogt Matthias A. Hediger Tags: Communication Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1421: Antiviral Effect of Propylene Glycol against Envelope Viruses in Spray and Volatilized Forms
oriyasu Ota Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly contagious and continues to spread worldwide. To avoid the spread of infection, it is important to control its transmission routes. However, as methods to prevent airborne infections are lacking, people are forced to take measures such as keeping distance from others or wearing masks. Here, we evaluate the antiviral activity of propylene glycol (PG), which is safe, odorless, and volatile. PG showed pronounced antiviral activity against the influenza virus (IAV) at concentrations above 55% in the liquid phase. Given its IAV inactivation m...
Source: Viruses - June 23, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Yui Hirama Shintaro Onishi Ryunosuke Shibata Hirohiko Ishida Takuya Mori Noriyasu Ota Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1418: Subjective Perception of Recovery and Measured Olfactory Function in COVID-19 Patients
o Thomas Hummel This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate self-rated olfactory dysfunction in relation to measured olfactory function after partial or complete subjective recovery in individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. A total of 186 individuals (aged 5–62 years) with a history of COVID-19 infection were included. Visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings for olfactory function (before, during, and after infection) and age-appropriate psychophysical olfactory test scores (odor threshold and odor identification: “Sniffin’ Sticks&amp...
Source: Viruses - June 23, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Emilia Cancellieri Anna Kristina Hernandez Helena Degkwitz Elisabeth Kahre Judith Blankenburg Theresa S. Horst Paula Czyborra Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo Thomas Hummel Tags: Communication Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1394: Investigation of the Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Thailand from 2020 to 2022 via Next-Generation Sequencing
n Yong Poovorawan Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious condition caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which surfaced in Thailand in early 2020. The current study investigated the SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Thailand and their evolutionary history. Complete genome sequencing of 210 SARS-CoV-2 samples collected from collaborating hospitals and the Institute of Urban Disease Control and Prevention over two years, from December 2020 to July 2022, was performed using next-generation sequencing technology. Multiple lineage introductions were observed before the ...
Source: Viruses - June 19, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Jiratchaya Puenpa Vorthon Sawaswong Pattaraporn Nimsamer Sunchai Payungporn Patthaya Rattanakomol Nutsada Saengdao Jira Chansaenroj Ritthideach Yorsaeng Kamol Suwannakarn Yong Poovorawan Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1391: CoVigator & mdash;A Knowledge Base for Navigating SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Variants
Conclusion: With increasing demand worldwide in genome surveillance for tracking the spread of SARS-CoV-2, CoVigator will be a valuable resource of an up-to-date list of mutations, which can be incorporated into global efforts.
Source: Viruses - June 17, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Thomas Bukur Pablo Riesgo-Ferreiro Patrick Sorn Ranganath Gudimella Johannes Hausmann Thomas R ösler Martin L öwer Barbara Schr örs Ugur Sahin Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1355: Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants That Emerged in South and Southeast Asia during Early 2022
Fang Huang Lijia Jia The continuously emerging new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have made the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic unpredictable. Since the beginning of the pandemic, densely populated South and Southeast Asia have suffered great losses due to multiple COVID-19 surges because of vaccine and other medical resource shortages. Therefore, it is crucial to closely monitor the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic and to understand the evolutionary and transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in these regions. Here, we document the evolution of epidemic strains in...
Source: Viruses - June 12, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Qiong Yu Xi Tong Li Zuo Xinyu Tao Zhonghui Xu Xiaocui Li Haizhou Liu Wuxiang Guan Di Liu Haibin Liu Fang Huang Lijia Jia Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 1351: Comparison of Immune Responses between Inactivated and mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Used for a Booster Dose in Mice
This study comprehensively describes the differences in the mice boosted with mRNA vaccines based on the WT strain and the omicron strain, a harmful VOC that has resulted in a sharp rise in the number of infections, and reveals the most efficacious vaccination strategy against omicron and future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Source: Viruses - June 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Ning Luan Han Cao Yunfei Wang Kangyang Lin Jingping Hu Cunbao Liu Tags: Article Source Type: research