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Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2717: Influenza D Virus: A Review and Update of Its Role in Bovine Respiratory Syndrome
Armengol Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria (Mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica and Histophilus somni). However, other microorganisms have been recognized to cause BRD. Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel RNA pathogen belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae, first discovered in 2011. It is distributed worldwide in cattle, the ma...
Source: Viruses - December 5, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Miguel Ruiz Andrea Puig Marta Bassols Lorenzo Fraile Ramon Armengol Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2711: Multifunctional Protein A Is the Only Viral Protein Required for Nodavirus RNA Replication Crown Formation
Paul Ahlquist Positive-strand RNA virus RNA genome replication occurs in membrane-associated RNA replication complexes (RCs). Nodavirus RCs are outer mitochondrial membrane invaginations whose necked openings to the cytosol are “crowned” by a 12-fold symmetrical proteinaceous ring that functions as the main engine of RNA replication. Similar protein crowns recently visualized at the openings of alphavirus and coronavirus RCs highlight their broad conservation and functional importance. Using cryo-EM tomography, we earlier showed that the major nodavirus crown constituent is viral protein A...
Source: Viruses - December 3, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Johan A. den den Boon Hong Zhan Nuruddin Unchwaniwala Mark Horswill Kailey Slavik Janice Pennington Amanda Navine Paul Ahlquist Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2691: Do Blood Phenotypes of Feline AB Blood Group System Affect the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Serostatus in Cats?
Daniela Proverbio Cats are susceptible to coronavirus infections, including infection by human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In human ABO system blood groups, alloantibodies can play a direct role in resistance to infectious diseases. Individuals with the AB blood type were over-represented in the SARS-CoV-2 infection group. Blood type AB individuals lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, and therefore lack the protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection given by these antibodies. Starting from this knowledge, this pilot preliminary study evaluated a possible association between feline...
Source: Viruses - November 30, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Eva Spada Federica Bruno Germano Castelli Fabrizio Vitale Stefano Reale Vito Biondi Antonella Migliazzo Roberta Perego Luciana Baggiani Daniela Proverbio Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2685: Nonthermal Biocompatible Plasma Inactivation of Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: Prospects for Future Antiviral Applications
Choi The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has placed a massive impact on global civilization. Finding effective treatments and drugs for these viral diseases was crucial. This paper outlined and highlighted key elements of recent advances in nonthermal biocompatible plasma (NBP) technology for antiviral applications. We searched for papers on NBP virus inactivation in PubMed ePubs, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The data and relevant information were gathered in order to establish a mechanism for NBP-based viral inactivation. NBP has been developed as a new, effective, and safe strategy for viral inactiv...
Source: Viruses - November 30, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Ihn Han Sohail Mumtaz Eun Ha Choi Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2682: Advances in Molecular Genetics Enabling Studies of Highly Pathogenic RNA Viruses
ait Experimental work with viruses that are highly pathogenic for humans and animals requires specialized Biosafety Level 3 or 4 facilities. Such pathogens include some spectacular but also rather seldomly studied examples such as Ebola virus (requiring BSL-4), more wide-spread and commonly studied viruses such as HIV, and the most recent example, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. A common characteristic of these virus examples is that their genomes consist of single-stranded RNA, which requires the conversion of their genomes into a DNA copy for easy manipulation; this can be performed to study the viral life cycle i...
Source: Viruses - November 30, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Christian Mittelholzer Thomas Klimkait Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2666: Effect of BIO-PLYTM, a Platelet-Rich Plasma Derived Biologic on PRRSV-2-infected macrophages
This study also showed limited toxicity of BIO-PLYTM in vitro and aspects of its immunomodulatory capacity evaluating the regulation of reactive oxygen species and cytokines production in infected cells. Finally, this study presents promising data on the effect of BIO-PLYTM on other RNA viruses such as human A influenza viruses and coronavirus.
Source: Viruses - November 28, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Alba Frias-De-Diego Jessica M. Gilbertie Frank Scholle Sarah Dejarnette Elisa Crisci Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2646: Immune Response to Third and Fourth COVID-19 Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients and Kidney Transplant Recipients
ppel Florian Klein Christine Kurschat Roman-Ulrich Müller Veronica Di Cristanziano Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious hazard for hemodialysis (HD) patients and kidney transplant (KTX) recipients as they suffer from an impaired immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In addition, a definition of SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer that indicates a sufficient immune response, especially against new omicron variants, is urgently needed. In the present study, the immune response to either a third or a fourth dose of a mRNA vaccine was investigated in 309 dialysis and 36 KTX patients...
Source: Viruses - November 26, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Patrick Affeldt Felix Carlo Koehler Karl August Brensing Martin Gies Eva Platen Vivien Adam Linus Butt Franziska Grundmann Eva Heger Steffen Hinrichs Nils Kalisch Simon Oehm Gertrud Steger Maike Wirtz Thomas Benzing Dirk Stippel Florian Klein Christine Ku Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2614: Bacteriophage Cocktails in the Post-COVID Rehabilitation
r A. Glazunov Tatiana A. Kochetova Victoria V. Uskevich Artem N. Kuzovlev Andrey V. Grechko Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and may persist long after disease resolution. The excessive use of antimicrobials in patients with COVID-19 can lead to additional destruction of the microbiota, as well as to the growth and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics encourages the search for alternative methods of limiting bacterial growth and restoring the normal balance of the microbiota in the h...
Source: Viruses - November 23, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Fedor M. Zurabov Ekaterina A. Chernevskaya Natalia V. Beloborodova Alexander Yu. Zurabov Marina V. Petrova Mikhail Ya. Yadgarov Valentina M. Popova Oleg E. Fatuev Vladislav E. Zakharchenko Marina M. Gurkova Ekaterina A. Sorokina Egor A. Glazunov Tatiana A Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2609: Comparison of a Prototype SARS-CoV-2 Lateral Flow IMMUNOASSAY with the BinaxNOWTM COVID-19 Antigen CARD
C. Verma David P. AuCoin Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. From the onset of the pandemic, rapid antigen tests have quickly proved themselves to be an accurate and accessible diagnostic platform. The initial (and still most commonly used antigen tests) for COVID-19 diagnosis were constructed using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid protein (NP). These mAbs are able to bind SARS-CoV-2 NP due to high homology between the two viruses. However, since first being ident...
Source: Viruses - November 23, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Haydon J. Hill Timsy Uppal Derrick Hau Sujata G. Pandit Jose Arias-Umana Abigail J. Foster Andrew Gorzalski Kathryn J. Pflughoeft Amanda R. Burnham-Marusich Dana E. Reed Marcellene A. Gates-Hollingsworth Lynette Gumbleton Subhash C. Verma David P. AuCoin Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2593: SARSPLEX: Multiplex Serological ELISA with a Holistic Approach
Leona Gilbert Currently, there are over 602 million severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases and 6.4 million COVID-19 disease-related deaths worldwide. With ambitious vaccine strategies, reliable and accurate serological testing is needed to monitor the dynamics of the novel coronavirus pandemic and community immunity. We set out to improve serological testing of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesize that by multiplexing the serological diagnostic test kit (SARSPLEX) and screening for three antibodies, an even more robust diagnostic can be developed. A total of 293 sera were a...
Source: Viruses - November 22, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Kunal Garg Sara Campolonghi Armin Schwarzbach Maria Luisa Garcia Alonso Fausto M. Villavicencio-Aguilar Liria M. Fajardo-Yamamoto Leona Gilbert Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2583: A Retrospective Study of Viral Molecular Prevalences in Cats in Southern Italy (Campania Region)
sco Serena Montagnaro From 2019 to 2021, a retrospective molecular study was conducted in the Campania region (southern Italy) to determine the prevalence of viral diseases in domestic cats. A total of 328 dead animals were analyzed by Real-Time PCR for the presence of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline enteric coronavirus (FCoV), rotavirus (RVA), feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), and feline calicivirus (FCV). The possible presence of SARS-CoV-2 was also investigated by Real-Time PCR. The cats included in this study were specifically sourced and referred by local veterinarians and...
Source: Viruses - November 21, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Maria Grazia Amoroso Francesco Serra Gianluca Miletti Lorena Cardillo Claudio de de Martinis Luisa Marati Flora Alfano Gianmarco Ferrara Ugo Pagnini Esterina De De Carlo Giovanna Fusco Serena Montagnaro Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2581: Assessing the Pre-Vaccination Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Seroprevalence among Residents and Staff in Nursing Home in Niigata, Japan, November 2020
abe Reiko Saito An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in a nursing home in Niigata, Japan, November 2020, with an attack rate of 32.0% (63/197). The present study was aimed at assessing the pre-vaccination seroprevalence almost half a year after the COVID-19 outbreak in residents and staff in the facility, along with an assessment of the performance of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), regarding test seropositivity and seronegativity in detecting immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies (anti-...
Source: Viruses - November 21, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Keita Wagatsuma Sayaka Yoshioka Satoru Yamazaki Ryosuke Sato Wint Wint Phyu Irina Chon Yoshiki Takahashi Hisami Watanabe Reiko Saito Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2562: New Insights into Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Colombia from Whole-Genome Analysis
In this study we report, for the first time, the whole-genome sequence of IBV from Colombia. Seven IBV isolates obtained during 2012 and 2013 from farms with respiratory disease compatible with IB were selected and the complete genome sequence was obtained by NGS. According to S1 sequence phylogenetic analysis, six isolates belong to lineage GI-1 and one to lineage GVI-1. When whole genome was analyzed, five isolates were related to the vaccine strain Ma5 2016 and two showed mosaic genomes. Results from complete S1 sequence analysis provides further support for the hypothesis that GVI-1, considered a geographically confine...
Source: Viruses - November 19, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Gloria Ramirez-Nieto Daiana Mir Diego Almansa-Villa Geovanna Cordoba-Argotti Magda Beltran-Leon Nelida Rodriguez-Osorio Jone Garai Jovanny Zabaleta Arlen P. Gomez Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2559: SARS-CoV-2 and West Nile Virus Prevalence Studies in Raccoons and Raccoon Dogs from Germany
hup Sven Klimpel Unlike farm animals, wild animals are not subject to continuous health surveillance. Individual projects designed to screen wildlife populations for specific pathogens are, therefore, also of great importance for human health. In this context, the possible formation of a reservoir for highly pathogenic zoonotic pathogens is a focus of research. Two of these pathogens that have received particular attention during the last years are the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), due to its fast global spread and high impact to the human health, and, since its introduction...
Source: Viruses - November 19, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Markus Keller Norbert Peter Cora M. Holicki Anna V. Schantz Ute Ziegler Martin Eiden Dorian D. D örge Andreas Vilcinskas Martin H. Groschup Sven Klimpel Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2556: Predicting the Trajectory of Replacements of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Using Relative Reproduction Numbers
Ito New variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with high effective reproduction numbers are continuously being selected by natural selection. To establish effective control measures for new variants, it is crucial to know their transmissibility and replacement trajectory in advance. In this paper, we conduct retrospective prediction tests for the variant replacement from Alpha to Delta in England, using the relative reproduction numbers of Delta with respect to Alpha estimated from partial observations. We found that once Delta’s relative frequency reached 0.15, the d...
Source: Viruses - November 18, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Chayada Piantham Kimihito Ito Tags: Article Source Type: research