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Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 736: SARS-CoV-2 Is More Efficient than HCoV-NL63 in Infecting a Small Subpopulation of ACE2+ Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells
nez-Lirola Human coronavirus (HCoV)-NL63 is an important contributor to upper and lower respiratory tract infections, mainly in children, while severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, can cause lower respiratory tract infections, and more severe, respiratory and systemic disease, which leads to fatal consequences in many cases. Using microscopy, immunohistochemistry (IHC), virus-binding assay, reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR) assay, and flow cytometry, we compared the characteristics of the susceptibility, replication dynamics, and morphogenesis of HCoV-NL63...
Source: Viruses - March 13, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Gino Castillo Rahul K. Nelli Kruttika S. Phadke Marlene Bravo-Parra Juan Carlos Mora-D íaz Bryan H. Bellaire Luis G. Gim énez-Lirola Tags: Communication Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 725: Use of a Preclinical Natural Transmission Model to Study Antiviral Effects of a Carbohydrate-Binding Module Therapy against SARS-CoV-2 in Hamsters
This study demonstrates that using a combination of a prophylactic and therapeutic delivery of Neumifil significantly reduces the severity of clinical signs in animals infected via a natural route of transmission and indicates a reduction of viral loads in the upper respiratory tract. Further refinements of the model are required in order to ensure the adequate transmission of the virus. However, our results provide additional data to the evidence base of Neumifil efficacy against respiratory virus infection and demonstrate that the transmission model is a potentially valuable tool for testing antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2.
Source: Viruses - March 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Daniel Knott Rachel Fell Jane A. Potter Samantha Yuille Franscisco J. Salguero Victoria A. Graham Roger Hewson David Howat Stuart D. Dowall Tags: Communication Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 708: Development of an IgY-Based Treatment to Control Bovine Coronavirus Diarrhea in Dairy Calves
In this study, 200 laying hens were immunized with BCoV to obtain spray-dried egg powder enriched in specific IgY Abs to BCoV on a large production scale. To ensure batch-to-batch product consistency, a potency assay was statistically validated. With a sample size of 241, the BCoV-specific IgY ELISA showed a sensitivity and specificity of 97.7% and 98.2%, respectively. ELISA IgY Abs to BCoV correlated with virus-neutralizing Ab titers (Pearson correlation, R2 = 0.92, p < 0.001). Most importantly, a pilot efficacy study in newborn calves showed a significant delay and shorter duration of BCoV-associated diarrhea ...
Source: Viruses - March 9, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Marina Bok Celina G. Vega Matias Castells Rodney Colina Andr és Wigdorovitz Viviana Parre ño Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 717: Clinical Presentation and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Compared to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Viral Respiratory Infections in Children Less Than Two Years of Age
We described the respiratory picture of SARS-CoV-2 infection and evaluated the frequency and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 bronchiolitis comparing it with other respiratory viral infections in children less than two years of age. The severity of respiratory involvement was evaluated based on the need for oxygen therapy, intravenous hydration, and the length of hospital stay. A total of 138 children hospitalized for respiratory symptoms were enrolled: 60 with SARS-CoV-2 and 78 with RSV. In the group of SARS-CoV-2-infected children, 13/60 (21%) received a diagnosis of co-infection. Among the enrolled children, 87/138 (63%) rece...
Source: Viruses - March 9, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Francesco Nunziata Simona Salomone Andrea Catzola Marco Poeta Federica Pagano Liana Punzi Andrea Lo Vecchio Alfredo Guarino Eugenia Bruzzese Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 701: Elevated SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Levels in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome
S. Heitmann With the routine use of effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, the number of life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) courses have largely been reduced. However, multiple COVID-19 convalescents, even after asymptomatic to moderate disease, suffer from post-COVID syndrome, with relevant limitations in daily life. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of post-COVID syndrome are still elusive, with dysregulation of the immune system suggested as a central mechanism. Here, we assessed COVID-19 post-infectious symptoms (5–6 months after PCR-confirmed ...
Source: Viruses - March 8, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Christopher Hackenbruch Yacine Maringer Christian M. Tegeler Juliane S. Walz Annika Nelde Jonas S. Heitmann Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 695: Potentially Zoonotic Viruses in Wild Rodents, United Arab Emirates, 2019 & mdash;A Pilot Study
In conclusion, we could not find evidence of persistence or shedding of potentially zoonotic viruses in the investigated rodent cohorts of limited sample size.
Source: Viruses - March 7, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Pia Weidinger Jolanta Kolodziejek Tamer Khafaga Tom Loney Brigitte Howarth Moayyed Sher Shah Ahmad Abou Tayoun Alawi Alsheikh-Ali Jeremy V. Camp Norbert Nowotny Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 693: Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Organizing Pneumonia in a Patient with Follicular Lymphoma, Treated with Obinutuzumab & mdash;Challenging Recognition and Treatment
We present a case report of a patient with follicular lymphoma, treated with obinutuzumab, who was diagnosed with prolonged, ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection and related organizing pneumonia. The recognition and the treatment were challenging which makes this case noteworthy. Antiviral therapy with several medications was administrated to our patient and their temporary, positive effect was observed. Moreover, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin was applied, because slowly decreasing IgM and IgG levels were observed. The patient also received standard treatment of organizing pneumonia. We believe that such a complex approach ...
Source: Viruses - March 7, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: E. Łyżwa M. Sobiecka K. Lewandowska I. Siemion-Szcze śniak I. Bara ńska M. Klatt R. Langfort M. Szturmowicz W. Tomkowski Tags: Case Report Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 692: Systematic Guidelines for Effective Utilization of COVID-19 Databases in Genomic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Research
an Hong The pandemic has led to the production and accumulation of various types of data related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To understand the features and characteristics of COVID-19 data, we summarized representative databases and determined the data types, purpose, and utilization details of each database. In addition, we categorized COVID-19 associated databases into epidemiological data, genome and protein data, and drug and target data. We found that the data present in each of these databases have nine separate purposes (clade/variant/lineage, genome browser, protein structure, epidemiological data, ...
Source: Viruses - March 6, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Do Young Seong Jongkeun Park Kijong Yi Dongwan Hong Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 687: Intranasal Boosting with Spike Fc-RBD of Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 Induces Neutralizing Antibodies against Omicron Subvariants and Reduces Viral Load in the Nasal Turbinate of Mice
wok-Yung Yuen Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan The emergence of new immune-evasive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and subvariants outpaces the development of vaccines specific against the dominant circulating strains. In terms of the only accepted immune correlate of protection, the inactivated whole-virion vaccine using wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike induces a much lower serum neutralizing antibody titre against the Omicron subvariants. Since the inactivated vaccine given intramuscularly is one of the most commonly used coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in developing regions, we test...
Source: Viruses - March 6, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Jian-Piao Cai Cuiting Luo Kun Wang Hehe Cao Lin-Lei Chen Xiaojuan Zhang Yuting Han Feifei Yin Anna Jinxia Zhang Hin Chu Shuofeng Yuan Kin-Hang Kok Kelvin Kai-Wang To Honglin Chen Zhiwei Chen Dong-Yan Jin Kwok-Yung Yuen Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 669: Multiplex RT-qPCR Application in Early Detection of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Healthy Calves
uzuki Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) are associated with various predisposing factors, such as physical and physiological stress factors, and bacterial and viral pathogens. These stressors and viruses suppress immune defenses, leading to bacterial growth in the upper respiratory tract and invasion of pathogens into the lower respiratory tract. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the causative pathogens would contribute to the early detection of BRD. Nasal swabs and sera from 63 clinically healthy calves were continuously collected from seven farms in Iwate prefecture from 2019 to 2021. We attempted to monitor dynami...
Source: Viruses - March 2, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Yusuke Goto Kazuhiro Fukunari Tohru Suzuki Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 658: Rapid Shift from SARS-CoV-2 Delta to Omicron Sub-Variants within a Dynamic Southern U.S. Borderplex
This study analyzed 3,641 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from the El Paso, Texas, community and hospitalized patients over 48 weeks from Fall 2021 to Summer 2022. The binational community along the U.S. southern border was predominantly SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) positive for a 5-week period from September 2021 to January 2022 and quickly transitioned to the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), which was first detected at the end of December 2021. Omicron replaced Delta as the predominant detectable variant in the community and was associated with a sharp increase in COVID-19 positivity rate, related hospitalizations, and n...
Source: Viruses - February 28, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Elisa Robles-Escajeda Jonathon E. Mohl Lisett Contreras Ana P. Betancourt Bibiana M. Mancera Robert A. Kirken Georgialina Rodriguez Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 641: Repurposing Astragalus Polysaccharide PG2 for Inhibiting ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Syncytial Formation and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
In this study, PG2 stimulated M2 macrophage activation and increased the expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RN. Additionally, PG2 was recently used to treat patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms by reducing the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Therefore, our data suggest that PG2, a repurposed drug, possesses the potential to prevent WT SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated syncytia formation with the host cells; it also inhibits the binding of S proteins of WT, alpha, and beta strains to the recombinant ACE2 and halts severe COVID-19 development by regulating the polarization of macrophages to M2 cells.
Source: Viruses - February 27, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Chia-Yin Lee Anh Thuc Nguyen Ly Hien Doan Li-Wei Chu Chih-Hung Chang Hui-Kang Liu I-Lin Lee Teng-Hsu Wang Jin-Mei Lai Shih-Ming Tsao Hsiu-Jung Liao Yueh-Hsin Ping Chi-Ying F. Huang Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 639: SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Entry and Its Regulation by Host Innate Immunity
Shaobo Wang The constantly evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC) fuel the worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The spike protein is essential for the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and thus has been extensively targeted by therapeutic antibodies. However, mutations along the spike in SARS-CoV-2 VOC and Omicron subvariants have caused more rapid spread and strong antigenic drifts, rendering most of the current antibodies ineffective. Hence, understanding and targeting the molecular mechanism of spike activation is of great interest in curbing the spread a...
Source: Viruses - February 27, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Shi Yu Huina Hu Qiangyun Ai Rong Bai Kaixiong Ma Minmin Zhou Shaobo Wang Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 635: Bovine Enteroids as an In Vitro Model for Infection with Bovine Coronavirus
This study established bovine enteroids as an in vitro replication system for BCoV, and we compared the expression of selected genes during the BCoV infection of the enteroids with the expression previously described in HCT-8 cells. The enteroids were successfully established from bovine ileum and permissive to BCoV, as shown by a seven-fold increase in viral RNA after 72 h. Immunostaining of differentiation markers showed a mixed population of differentiated cells. Gene expression ratios at 72 h showed that pro-inflammatory responses such as IL-8 and IL-1A remained unchanged in response to BCoV infection. Expression of ot...
Source: Viruses - February 27, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Ruchika Shakya Alejandro Jim énez-Meléndez Lucy J. Robertson Mette Myrmel Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 627: Impact of Previous Common Human Coronavirus Exposure on SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell and Memory B-Cell Response after mRNA-Based Vaccination
Conclusion: While pre-existing T-cell cross-reactivity enhances the T-cell response after vaccination, it does not increase SARS-CoV-2-specific MBC levels in the absence of previous infection. Overall, the level of specific MBCs determines the time to breakthrough infections, regardless of the presence of T-cell cross-reactivity.
Source: Viruses - February 24, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Casado Vizcarra Mart ín-Hondarza Blasco Grandal-Platero Haemmerle Fern ández-Escribano Vallejo Tags: Article Source Type: research