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Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 470: Single-Center Experience in Detecting Influenza Virus, RSV and SARS-CoV-2 at the Emergency Department
iler Günter Weiss Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on respiratory tract swabs has become the gold standard for sensitive and specific detection of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this retrospective analysis, we report on the successive implementation and routine use of multiplex RT-PCR testing for patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Emergency Department (ED) at a tertiary care center in Western Austria, one of the hotspots in the early coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Europe. Our desc...
Source: Viruses - February 8, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Manfred Nairz Theodora Todorovic Clemens M. Gehrer Philipp Grubwieser Francesco Burkert Martina Zimmermann Kristina Trattnig Werner Klotz Igor Theurl Rosa Bellmann-Weiler G ünter Weiss Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 452: Antiviral Activity of Micafungin and Its Derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication
In this study, we focused on micafungin and its derivatives and analyzed their antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The micafungin derivatives Mi-2 and Mi-5 showed higher antiviral activity than micafungin, with 50% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.25 and 6.51 µM, respectively (3.8 to 4.7-fold stronger than micafungin) and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of >64 µM in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. This high anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was also conserved in human lung epithelial cell-derived Calu-3 cells. Micafungin, Mi-2, and Mi...
Source: Viruses - February 6, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Shogo Nakajima Hirofumi Ohashi Daisuke Akazawa Shiho Torii Rigel Suzuki Takasuke Fukuhara Koichi Watashi Tags: Brief Report Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 456: Identifying High-Risk Events for COVID-19 Transmission:Estimating the Risk of Clustering Using Nationwide Data
hiura The transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is known to be overdispersed, meaning that only a fraction of infected cases contributes to super-spreading. While cluster interventions are an effective measure for controlling pandemics due to the viruses’ overdispersed nature, a quantitative assessment of the risk of clustering has yet to be sufficiently presented. Using systematically collected cluster surveillance data for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from June 2020 to June 2021 in Japan, we estimated the activity-dependent risk of clustering in 23 establish...
Source: Viruses - February 6, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Minami Ueda Katsuma Hayashi Hiroshi Nishiura Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 455: Characterisation of the Upper Respiratory Tract Virome of Feedlot Cattle and Its Association with Bovine Respiratory Disease
This study has provided greater insights into the viral pathogens associated with BRD and highlighted the need for further studies to more precisely elucidate the roles viruses play in BRD.
Source: Viruses - February 6, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Rebecca K. Ambrose Claudia Blakebrough-Hall Jennifer L. Gravel Luciano A. Gonzalez Timothy J. Mahony Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 447: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants Balance Host Cell Membrane, Receptor, and Antibody Docking via an Overlapping Target Site
ervin Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are emerging rapidly and offer surfaces that are optimized for recognition of host cell membranes while also evading antibodies arising from vaccinations and previous infections. Host cell infection is a multi-step process in which spike heads engage lipid bilayers and one or more angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors. Here, the membrane binding surfaces of Omicron subvariants are compared using cryo-electron microscopy (cEM) structures of spike trimers from BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.13, BA.2.75, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5 viruses. Despite...
Source: Viruses - February 6, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Michael Overduin Rakesh K. Bhat Troy A. Kervin Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 428: Host Response of Syrian Hamster to SARS-CoV-2 Infection including Differences with Humans and between Sexes
This study provided a comprehensive characterization of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) as an animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection using different approaches (description of clinical signs, viral load, receptor profiling, and host immune response) and targeting four different organs (lungs, intestine, brain, and PBMCs). Our data showed that both male and female hamsters were susceptible to the infection and developed a disease similar to the one observed in patients with COVID-19 that included moderate to severe pulmonary lesions, inflammation, and recruitment of the immune system in the lungs and at the systemi...
Source: Viruses - February 3, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Martina Castellan Gianpiero Zamperin Giulia Franzoni Greta Foiani Maira Zorzan Petra Drzewniokov á Marzia Mancin Irene Brian Alessio Bortolami Matteo Pagliari Annalisa Oggiano Marta Vascellari Valentina Panzarin Sergio Crovella Isabella Monne Calogero Te Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 416: COVID-19: The Many Ways to Hurt Your Heart
res Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic, affecting the lives of billions of individuals [...]
Source: Viruses - February 1, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Aklima Akter Xavier Clemente-Casares Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 392: Respiratory Viruses and Virus-like Particle Vaccine Development: How Far Have We Advanced?
uan With technological advancements enabling globalization, the intercontinental transmission of pathogens has become much easier. Respiratory viruses are one such group of pathogens that require constant monitoring since their outbreak leads to massive public health crises, as exemplified by the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2. To prevent the transmission of these highly contagious viruses, developing prophylactic tools, such as vaccines, is of considerable interest to the scientific community. Virus-like particles...
Source: Viruses - January 30, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Ki-Back Chu Fu-Shi Quan Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 378: Assessment and Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Dementia
a Rosca The modern combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has substantially lowered the incidence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). The dominant clinical features include deficits in cognitive processing speed, concentration, attention, and memory. As people living with HIV become older, with high rates of comorbidities and concomitant treatments, the prevalence and complexity of cognitive impairment are expected to increase. Currently, the management of HAD and milder forms of HAND is grounded on the best clinical practice, as there is no specific, evidence-based, pro...
Source: Viruses - January 28, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Amalia Cornea Irina Lata Mihaela Simu Elena Cecilia Rosca Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 377: SARS-CoV-2 Genome Variations in Viral Shedding of an Immunocompromised Patient with Non-Hodgkin & rsquo;s Lymphoma
Conclusions. This report shows that the multiple mutations that occur in an immunocompromised patient with persistent COVID-19 could provide information regarding viral evolution and emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Source: Viruses - January 28, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Rodrigo Villase ñor-Echavarri Laura Gomez-Romero Alexandra Martin-Onraet Luis A. Herrera Marco A. Escobar-Arrazola Oscar A. Ramirez-Vega Coraz ón Barrientos-Flores Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda Diana Vilar-Compte Alberto Cedro-Tanda Tags: Case Report Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 352: Cellular Sensors and Viral Countermeasures: A Molecular Arms Race between Host and SARS-CoV-2
Yuan Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has caused disastrous effects on the society and human health globally. SARS-CoV-2 is a sarbecovirus in the Coronaviridae family with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. It mainly replicates in the cytoplasm and viral components including RNAs and proteins can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) that regulate the host innate and adaptive immune responses. On the o...
Source: Viruses - January 26, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Haoran Sun Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan Shuofeng Yuan Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 343: Crude Extracts of Talaromyces Strains (Ascomycota) Affect Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Resistance to Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus
Vilcinskas Viruses contribute significantly to the global decline of honey bee populations. One way to limit the impact of such viruses is the introduction of natural antiviral compounds from fungi as a component of honey bee diets. Therefore, we examined the effect of crude organic extracts from seven strains of the fungal genus Talaromyces in honey bee diets under laboratory conditions. The strains were isolated from bee bread prepared by honey bees infected with chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV). The antiviral effect of the extracts was also quantified in vitro using mammalian cells as a model system. We found tha...
Source: Viruses - January 25, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Katerina Vocadlova Benjamin Lamp Karel Benes Vladimir Matha Kwang-Zin Lee Andreas Vilcinskas Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 337: Coronaviruses Are Abundant and Genetically Diverse in West and Central African Bats, including Viruses Closely Related to Human Coronaviruses
Guy Lempu Placide Mbala Mbala Kingebeni Daniel Mukadi Bamuleka Jacques Likofata Jean-Jacques Muyembe Muyembe Tamfum Abdoulaye Toure Eitel Mpoudi Mpoudi Ngole Charles Kouanfack Eric Delaporte Alpha Kabinet Keita Steve Ahuka-Mundeke Ahidjo Ayouba Martine Peeters Bats are at the origin of human coronaviruses, either directly or via an intermediate host. We tested swabs from 4597 bats (897 from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 2191 from Cameroon and 1509 from Guinea) with a broadly reactive PCR in the RdRp region. Coronaviruses were detected in 903 (19.6%) bats and in all species, with mor...
Source: Viruses - January 25, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Dowbiss Meta Meta Djomsi Audrey Lacroix Abdoul Karim Soumah Eddy Kinganda Kinganda Lusamaki Asma Mesdour Raisa Raulino Amandine Esteban Innocent Ndong Ndong Bass Flaubert Auguste Mba Mba Djonzo Souana Goumou Simon Pierre Ndimbo-Kimugu Guy Lempu Placide Mb Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 318: Therapeutic Targeting of Inflammation and Virus Simultaneously Ameliorates Influenza Pneumonia and Protects from Morbidity and Mortality
egaran Karupiah Influenza pneumonia is a severe complication caused by inflammation of the lungs following infection with seasonal and pandemic strains of influenza A virus (IAV), that can result in lung pathology, respiratory failure, and death. There is currently no treatment for severe disease and pneumonia caused by IAV. Antivirals are available but are only effective if treatment is initiated within 48 h of onset of symptoms. Influenza complications and mortality are often associated with high viral load and an excessive lung inflammatory cytokine response. Therefore, we simultaneously targeted the virus and infla...
Source: Viruses - January 23, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Pratikshya Pandey Zahrah Al Rumaih Ma. Junaliah Tuazon Kels Esther Ng Rajendra KC Roslyn Malley Geeta Chaudhri Gunasegaran Karupiah Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 309: Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2: The Dominant Role of Arginine in Mutations and Infectivity
Conclusions: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global challenge due to its ability to mutate into variants that spread more rapidly than the wild-type virus. The molecular biology of this virus has been extensively studied and computational methods applied are an example paradigm for novel antiviral drug therapies. The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population is driven, in part, by mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S-) protein, some of which enable tighter binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). More stable RBD-ACE2 association is coupled with...
Source: Viruses - January 22, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Harry Ridgway Charalampos Ntallis Christos T. Chasapis Konstantinos Kelaidonis Minos-Timotheos Matsoukas Panagiotis Plotas Vasso Apostolopoulos Graham Moore Sotirios Tsiodras Dimitrios Paraskevis Thomas Mavromoustakos John M. Matsoukas Tags: Article Source Type: research