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Tack Fit and Use
This article describes scientific concepts of the saddle, bridle, and bit with emphasis on clinical signs associated with ill-fit or incorrec t use. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - October 13, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Hilary M. Clayton, Russell MacKechnie-Guire Source Type: research

Managing the Rider
The rider ’s personal injuries, impairments, or biomechanical dysfunction may be detrimental to their horse’s performance. Assessment of the rider on and off the horse is important to identify structural and functional issues that may impact performance. An ongoing program to enhance rider flexibility and motor training may be useful. The purpose of this article is to provide strategies that may be used to determine if the rider needs to be assessed formally by an appropriately qualified practitioner. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - October 13, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lesley Goff Source Type: research

Optimizing Health – Integrative Medicine & Poor Performance
Addressing poor performance issues in horses is a common yet challenging request to veterinarians. Often, there are limited field diagnostic or therapy choices. Growing lay popularity in integrative therapies, as well as increasing clinical incorporation, is creating more awareness of their clinical applications. Many modalities are showing increasing evidence of positive outcomes with minimal harm, but additional safety and efficacy evaluation is needed. Integrative modalities have unique ways of perceiving disease patterns that are different from more modern approaches, and these different perspectives can be used diagno...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - October 13, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Kimberly Henneman Source Type: research

Arboviral Equine Encephalitides
A number of viruses transmitted by biological vectors or through direct contact, air, or ingestion cause neurologic disease in equids. Of interest are viruses of the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae, Bornaviridae, and Bunyaviridae families. Many are classified as arboviruses because they use arthropod vectors, whereas others are transmitted directly via ingestion, inhalation, or integument damage. The goal of this article is to provide an overview on pathophysiologic and clinical aspects of arboviruses of equine importance, including alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and flaviviruses (Flaviviridae). (Source...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ramiro E. Toribio Source Type: research

Neurological Examination of Horses
The neurological examination is undertaken to determine whether any deficit is due to a lesion in the nervous system and, if so, where within the nervous system any possible lesion or lesions are located. The examination of horses has challenges not encountered when doing the equivalent examination in dogs and cats, principally that spinal reflexes and postural reactions are impossible/difficult to assess in most animals. The anatomy book can be consulted later but at the end of the neurological examination the clinician then should be able to determine broadly which area of the neuromuscular systems is affected. (Source: ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Caroline Hahn Source Type: research

Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy
Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy is a common cause of ataxia in horses secondary to spinal cord compression. Early articles describing this problem indicate genetic predisposition as a known risk factor. Further studies have shown the problem is a developmental abnormality which might have genetic predisposition and environmental influences. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Brett Woodie, Amy L. Johnson, Barrie Grant Source Type: research

Clostridial Diseases (Botulism and Tetanus)
Botulism and tetanus are the 2 primary manifestations of neurologic disease caused by clostridial toxins. Only a small dose of clostridial toxin is required to induce severe, and often fatal, disease. Consequently, definitive diagnosis of either disease is nearly impossible to achieve antemortem or postmortem; presumptive diagnosis is usually made based on physical and neurologic examination findings. Because the severity of clinical signs can worsen rapidly, prognosis worsens when therapeutic intervention is delayed. Highly effective vaccines are available against both botulism and tetanus and are critical in preventative...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Jacob M. Swink, William F. Gilsenan Source Type: research

Preface
The recognition and understanding of equine neurologic diseases have been a challenge for equine veterinarians. The advent of new, more sophisticated diagnostic techniques has allowed equine practitioners to more accurately diagnose disorders of the nervous system. In addition, better understanding of how the nervous system responds to trauma, infection, and other types of injury, such as oxidative damage, has led to more rapid and effective treatments for congenital, developmental, infectious, and inherited diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Stephen M. Reed Source Type: research

Equine Neurology
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: EQUINE PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Stephen M. Reed Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
RAMIRO E. TORIBIO, DVM, MS, PhD (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Stephen M. Reed (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Integrative Medicine (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - August 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Horses
Depending on the localization of the lesion, spinal cord ataxia is the most common type of ataxia in horses. Most prevalent diagnoses include cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM), equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), trauma and equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM). Other causes of ataxia and weakness are associated with infectious causes, trauma and neoplasia. A neurologic examination is indispensable to identify the type of ataxia. In addition, clinical neurophysiology offers tools to locate functional abnormalities in the central and peripheral nervous system. Clinical EMG assessment looks at the l...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - July 7, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Henricus Louis Journ ée, Sanne Lotte Journée Source Type: research

Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy and Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
Neuroaxonal degenerative disease in the horse is termed equine neuroaxonal dystrophy (eNAD), when pathologic lesions are localized to the brainstem and equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) and degenerative changes extend throughout the spinal cord. Both pathologic conditions result in identical clinical disease, most commonly characterized by the insidious onset of ataxia during early development. However, later onset of clinical signs and additional clinical features, such as behavior changes, is also observed. A definitive diagnosis of eNAD/EDM requires histologic evaluation of the caudal medulla and cervicothor...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice - July 7, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Carrie J. Finno, Amy L. Johnson Source Type: research