Update on Molecular Genetic Alterations of Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasms
Cutaneous adnexal tumors recapitulate follicular, sweat gland, and/or sebaceous epithelia, and range from benign tumors to aggressive carcinomas. Adnexal tumors can be hallmarks for inherited tumor syndromes. Oncogenic drivers of adnexal neoplasms modulate intracellular pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, Wnt/ β-catenin, Hedgehog, nuclear factor κB, and Hippo intracellular signaling pathways, representing potential therapeutic targets. Malignant progression can be associated with tumor suppressor loss, especially TP53. Molecular alterations drive expression of specific diagnost...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - May 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Grace Hile, Paul W. Harms Source Type: research
Molecular Genetics of Sebaceous Neoplasia
Sebaceous neoplasia primarily includes sebaceous adenoma, sebaceoma, and sebaceous carcinoma (SC). Sebaceous adenoma, sebaceoma, and a subset of cutaneous SC are frequently associated with defective DNA mismatch repair resulting from mutations in MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6. These tumors can be sporadic or associated with Muir-Torre syndrome. SCs without defective DNA mismatch repair have ultraviolet signature mutation or paucimutational patterns. Ocular SCs have low mutation burdens and frequent mutations in ZNF750. Some ocular sebaceous carcinomas have TP53 and RB1 mutations similar to cutaneous SC, whereas others lack such muta...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - May 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Jeffrey P. North Source Type: research
Updates on the Pathology and Management of Nail Unit Tumors and Dermatoses
Nail unit pathology is indispensable to reach an accurate diagnosis of nail tumors as well as inflammatory disorders. This review article provides an update from the most recently published studies on the pathology and management of nail unit tumors and inflammatory disorders. Recent findings of nail clipping histopathology are described first, followed by discussing recent data on the diagnosis and surgical management of several types of nail unit tumors, ending with discussing the recent discoveries in selected nail unit inflammatory disorders. (Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics)
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - May 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Mohammed Dany, Andrew S. Fischer, Susan Pei, Adam I. Rubin Source Type: research
Dermatopathology
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY CLINICS (Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics)
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - May 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Michael T. Tetzlaff Source Type: research
Copyright
ELSEVIER (Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics)
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - May 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Contributors
JASON L. HORNICK, MD, PhD (Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics)
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - May 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Contents
Michael T. Tetzlaff (Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics)
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - May 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Forthcoming Issues
Molecular Pathology (Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics)
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - May 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Gamma/Delta Phenotype in Primary Cutaneous T-cell Lymphomas and Lymphoid Proliferations
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas pose a diagnostic challenge for dermatopathologists, hematopathologists, and general surgical pathologists. Recognition of gamma/delta phenotype in cutaneous T proliferations has been enhanced by the availability of antibodies against TCRgamma and delta for immunohistochemistry. Thus, reporting gamma/delta phenotype in a cutaneous T-cell lymphoid proliferation may indicate a significant change in therapy and a challenge for dermatologists and oncologists who treat these patients. Herein, we discuss primary cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma, its differential diagnosis, and other skin l...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - April 29, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Carlos A. Torres-Cabala, Auris Huen, Swaminathan P. Iyer, Roberto N. Miranda Source Type: research
PRAME Immunohistochemistry as an Ancillary Test for the Assessment of Melanocytic Lesions
PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma) is a melanoma-associated antigen expressed in cutaneous and ocular melanomas and some other malignant neoplasms, while its expression in normal tissue and benign tumors is limited. Detection of PRAME protein expression by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 400 melanocytic tumors showed diffuse nuclear immunoreactivity for PRAME in most metastatic and primary melanomas. In contrast, most nevi were negative for PRAME or showed nondiffuse immunoreactivity. The difference in the extent of immunoreactivity for PRAME in unambiguous melanocytic tumors prompted the study of PRA...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - April 28, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Cecilia Lezcano, Achim A. Jungbluth, Klaus J. Busam Source Type: research
Cutaneous Toxicities in the Setting of Immune Checkpoint Blockade:
Advancements in cancer therapy with monoclonal immune checkpoint antibody blockade have affected the practice of all medical specialties. Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a frequent, unintended, off-target consequence of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy that have ushered in the era of oncodermatopathology. Knowledge of the diverse morphologic types of cutaneous irAEs from ICI therapy allows further classification of cutaneous irAEs according to major histopathologic reaction patterns. Early studies suggest that immune mechanisms of lichenoid dermatitis irAE, psoriasiform dermatitis irAE, and bul...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - April 28, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Jonathan L. Curry, Susan Y. Chon, Mario L. Marques-Piubelli, Emily Y. Chu Source Type: research
Mucosal Melanomas of the Anogenital Tract
Primary anogenital mucosal melanomas (AGMs) are rare aggressive malignancies that are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage. Ulceration is a common feature in AGMs and may not correlate with outcome. Therefore, staging of AGMs similar to primary cutaneous melanomas, based on tumor thickness and ulceration, may not robustly predict outcome. Derivation of site-specific staging systems is essential for prognostication and optimal management of these patients. To this end, recent retrospective studies have revealed tumor thickness (TT) and mitotic rate (MR) as features of most prognostic significance as follows: in anorecta...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - April 28, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Priyadharsini Nagarajan Source Type: research
Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytoma
Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM) was originally described based on keen morphologic analysis identifying a group of melanocytic tumors sharing heavily pigmented epithelioid melanocytes. It is defined as heavily pigmented epithelioid, spindled, and dendritic melanocytes with characteristic vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and melanophages. PEM often involves regional lymph nodes. Recent advances in molecular analysis have allowed for subclassification of PEM into more specific subsets of melanocytic tumors. The most common subsets include PRKCA fusions, which result in pure PEMs with sheets of monomorphic epith...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - April 28, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Sarah Benton, Jeffrey Zhao, Sepideh Asadbeigi, Daniel Kim, Bin Zhang, Pedram Gerami Source Type: research
Mucosal Melanoma
Mucosal melanomas are rare, often aggressive tumors that can arise at any mucosal site but most frequently occur in the head and neck, vulvovaginal, and anorectal regions. They have distinct biological, clinical, and histopathologic features, which have important management implications. Recent whole-genome sequencing studies have led to a greater understanding of the molecular landscape of mucosal melanomas and uncovered oncogenic drivers that could potentially be susceptible to therapeutic manipulation. The authors provide a brief overview of epidemiologic, clinical, and histopathologic features of mucosal melanoma, with...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - April 28, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Robert V. Rawson, James S. Wilmott, Richard A. Scolyer Source Type: research
Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis and Microvascular Occlusion
Although clinicians often put vasculitis and microvascular occlusion in the same differential diagnosis, biopsy findings often are either vasculitis or occlusion. However, both vasculitis and occlusion are present in some cases of levamisole-associated vasculopathy and certain infections. Depth of dermal involvement and vessel size should be reported, because superficial and deep small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis and/or involvement of medium-sized vessels may be associated with systemic disease. Microvascular occlusion of vessels in the fat should prompt consideration of calciphylaxis. Clues to ultimate clinical dia...
Source: Surgical Pathology Clinics - April 28, 2021 Category: Pathology Authors: Christine J. Ko, Jeff R. Gehlhausen, Jennifer M. McNiff Source Type: research
