Loss of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is an Epigenetic Hallmark of Thyroid Carcinomas with TERT Promoter Mutations
AbstractEpigenetic dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer, and aberrant methylation of cytosine residues plays a crucial role in abnormal gene expression in cancer cells. Recent studies demonstrate that 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) generated through 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) oxidation is significantly depleted in various cancers. However, whether 5-hmC levels change during the stepwise progression of thyroid carcinoma and the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unknown. The aims of this study were (i) to assess 5-hmC levels in normal and cancerous thyroid tissues, and (ii) identify clinicopathologic and genetic factor...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - October 15, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Immunohistochemistry or Molecular Analysis: Which Method Is Better for Subtyping Craniopharyngioma?
In this study, we investigated whether immunohistochemistry could replace genetic analysis as an aid in subtype diagnosis. Here, 38 CP patients who had undergone their first tumor resection were included. Among the 38 cases, 22 were morphologically diagnosed as ACP, 10 cases were diagnosed as PCP, and six cases were diagnosed as undetermined CP that were morphologically difficult to classify as either ACP or PCP. Results of immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis and clinical features were compared. Based on the immunohistochemistry, 26 (22 ACPs and four undetermined CPs) showed nuclear β-catenin expression, 11 (nine PC...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - September 22, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Detection of NTRK1/3 Rearrangements in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Using Immunohistochemistry, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization, and Next-Generation Sequencing
In conclusion,NTRK1/3-rearranged PTC shared some unique morphologic features. Pan-TRK IHC showed high specificity and moderate sensitivity forNTRK1/3-rearranged PTC and should be interpreted with caution due to staining heterogeneity. Based on the above findings, we propose an algorithm integrating morphology, IHC, and molecular testing to detectNTRK1/3 rearrangements in PTC. (Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - September 2, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Overexpression of ODF1 in Gastrointestinal Tract Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: a Novel Potential Immunohistochemical Biomarker for Well-differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors
In conclusion, ODF1 was firstly identified as a novel marker for NENs, especially for NETs in the gastrointestinal tract. The expression mechanism and clinical significance of ODF1 in NENs needed fur ther study. (Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - August 31, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Effects of CAPTEM (Capecitabine and Temozolomide) on a Corticotroph Carcinoma and an Aggressive Corticotroph Tumor
AbstractCorticotroph carcinomas and aggressive corticotroph tumors can be resistant to conventional therapy, including surgery, radiotherapy, and medical treatment. Recent evidence suggests that temozolomide (an oral alkylating agent) administered with capecitabine (pro-drug of 5-fluorouracil) may improve progression-free survival in patients with high-risk corticotroph tumors and carcinomas. This led to the use of capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM) in two patients, one with a corticotroph carcinoma and the other with an aggressive corticotroph tumor, as well the in vitro analysis of capecitabine and 5-fluorouracil on ...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - August 23, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Clinical Routine Application of the Second-generation Neuroendocrine Markers ISL1, INSM1, and Secretagogin in Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: Staining Outcomes and Potential Clues for Determining Tumor Origin
We report the clinical usage of the “second-generation” proteins ISL LIM homeobox 1 (ISL1), INSM transcriptional repressor 1 (INSM1), and secretagogin (SECG) as immunohistochemical markers of neuroendocrine differentiation since their introduction in clinical routine and compare the results with the established proteins chromogran in A (CGA) and synaptophysin (SYP). In total, 161 tumors, including 139 NENs and 22 “non-NENs” (unrelated tumors with an initial suspicion of NEN), were informatively stained for ISL1, and subsets were also interrogated for INSM1 and/or SECG. Diffuse or focal positive immunoreactivity was...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - August 18, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Structure, Function, and Morphology in the Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: the Importance of Routine Analysis of Pituitary Transcription Factors
AbstractThe traditional approach to the diagnosis of primary adenohypophyseal cell proliferations uses hormone immunohistochemistry to classify pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). The routine application of immunolocalization of pituitary transcription factors (SF1, PIT1, TPIT, ER α, and recently GATA3) along with adenohypophyseal hormones has taught us critical lessons that are discussed in this communication. We point out that appropriate patient care requires accurate diagnosis and is critical in the era of precision medicine. A misdiagnosis can result in far greater heal th care costs than the cost of accurate ...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - August 18, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Impact of Molecular Testing on the Management of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules Among Western and Asian Countries: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
This study examined the influence of molecular tests on the treatment of indeterminate nodules, particularly the differences between Western and Asian countries. Electronic databases including PubMed and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles from 2010 to March 2019. We computed meta-analysis of proportion and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) utilizing the random-effect model. We used independent samplest test to compare the resection rate (RR), rate of malignancy (ROM), rate of preoperative molecular testing (RMT), and rate of positive test (RP) between subgroups. We included a total of 34 studies with 797...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - August 6, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Long Noncoding RNA Expression in Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms
AbstractLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) consist of nucleic acid molecules that are greater than 200 nucleotides in length and they do not code for specific proteins. A growing body of evidence indicates that these lncRNAs have important roles in tumorigenesis. Separating adrenal cortical adenomas from carcinomas is often a difficult problem for the surgical pathologist. This is especially true when only small needle biopsies are available for examination. We used in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis to study normal adrenal cortical tissues and adrenal cortical tumors to determine the role of specific lncRNAs in tumor develop...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - July 27, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Exploring the Prognostic Role of Ki67 Proliferative Index in Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Skin: Clinico-Pathologic Analysis of 84 Cases and Review of the Literature
AbstractThe exact prediction of outcome of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) of the skin is difficult to determine, although several attempts have been made to identify clinico-pathologic prognostic factors. The Ki67 proliferative index is a well-known marker routinely used to define the prognosis of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms. However, its prognostic value has been poorly investigated in MCC, and available published results are often contradictory mainly because restricted to small series in the absence of standardized methods for Ki67 evaluation. For this reason, we explored the potential prognostic r...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - July 21, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Correlation of ThyroSeq Results with Surgical Histopathology in Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules
AbstractThe ThyroSeq next-generation sequencing test refines the risk of malignancy in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Specific genetic alterations have distinct cancer probabilities and clinical phenotypes. There is limited data on the association between specific genetic alterations and histopathologic features. The aim of this study was to evaluate specific ThyroSeq alterations in prognosticating high-risk histopathologic characteristics. We performed a retrospective single-institution study of all patients diagnosed with indeterminate thyroid nodules (May 2016 –December 2019) who had a mutation identifie...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - July 14, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Pitfalls in Challenging Thyroid Tumors: Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis and Ancillary Biomarkers
AbstractThyroid pathology encompasses a heterogenous group of clinicopathological entities including rare and diagnostically challenging neoplasms. The review is focused on morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of rare thyroid neoplasms that can pose diagnostic problems. The tumors are organized based on growth patterns including thyroid neoplasms with predominantly papillary, follicular, solid, and spindle cell growth pattern, as well as neoplasms with distinct cytological characteristics. A special section is also dedicated to rare thyroid tumors with peculiar patterns including thyroid carcinoma wit...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - July 5, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Mixed Sparsely Granulated Lactotroph and Densely Granulated Somatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor Expands the Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Ovarian Teratomas: the Role of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Cell Lineage Biomarkers
(Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - July 5, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Stem Cell Transcription Factor Sox2 Is Expressed in a Subset of Folliculo-stellate Cells of Growth Hormone –Producing Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumours and Its Expression Shows No Association with Tumour Size or IGF1 Levels: a Clinicopathological Study of 109 Cases
AbstractSox2 is one of the transcription factors responsible for the maintenance of stem cell phenotype. It has been implicated as a marker of stem cells in normal pituitaries and pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. To explore the clinical significance of Sox2 expression in histological sections, we performed immunohistochemical detection of Sox2 in 113 pituitary neuroendocrine tumours from 109 patients with acromegaly. In 11 tumours, we performed double immunostaining for Sox2, annexin A1 and S100 protein. Tumours were characterised using the WHO classification system. Proliferative activity and invasion were assessed. The ...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - July 5, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Exploring the Inter-observer Agreement Among the Members of the Italian Consensus for the Classification and Reporting of Thyroid Cytology
In conclusion, the present study confirms the reliability of ICCRTC. These data represent a reference for cytopathologists using this system and are useful for the practice of clinicians and surgeons. (Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - July 2, 2020 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
