Cribriform-Morular Thyroid Carcinoma Is a Distinct Thyroid Malignancy of Uncertain Cytogenesis
In this study, we reviewed the demographical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of the largest case series, consisting of 33 tumors. The age at time of pathological diagnosis ranged from 18 to 59 (mean 33) years, and all patients except one were female. Sixteen patients had multifocal and fifteen had unifocal disease. The status of focality was unavailable in two patients. Tumors were well-circumscribed, ranging in size from 0.1 to 8.0 cm. The cribriform component was admixed with morulae in the majority, except seven had a cribriform-predominant architecture and two had predominantly solid growth. Var...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - May 21, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
INSM1 Expression in Breast Neoplasms with Neuroedocrine Features
In conclusion, INSM1 is as accurate as traditional NE biomarkers to identify NE differentiation in BC. In analogy to standard NE markers, INSM1 could not distinguish NET and NEC from the other BC histotypes with NE differentiation. (Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - May 19, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Follicular Epithelial Dysplasia as Hashimoto Thyroiditis-Related Atypia: a Series of 91 Specimens
In conclusion, FED is suggested to be a pathogenetic link between inflammation-related atypia and papillary carcinoma and thus a premalignant precursor of papillary carcinoma in HT as 36.1% of the specimens contained also papillary carcinoma in the present study. Both histopathological nuclear features and the immunoprofile of FED are widely shared with that of papillary carcinoma. (Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - May 15, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Intron 4 –5 hTERT DNA Hypermethylation in Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Frequency, Association with Other Clinico-pathological Features and Prognostic Relevance
AbstractMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation, mainly affecting elderly population or immunocompromised individuals. As methylation of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (mhTERT) has been shown to be a prognostic factor in different tumors, we investigated its role in MCC, in particular in intron 4 –5 where rs10069690 has been mapped and recognized as a cancer susceptibility locus. DNA methylation analysis ofhTERT gene was assessed retrospectively in a cohort of 69 MCC patients from the University of Bologna, University of Turin and University of Insubria. Ove...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - April 28, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors
AbstractDetailed analysis of cytodifferentiation and hormone production has classified pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) in a formal system that reflects the lineage differentiation of nontumorous adenohypophysial cells as well as subtypes of tumors that have predictive value. In addition, tumors composed of cells that lack terminal differentiation are well characterized. To comply with the proposal to create an overarching classification of neuroendocrine neoplasia, these tumors are now called PitNETs rather than adenomas. The next important step will be to relinquish the term “pituitary carcinoma” for metasta...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - April 17, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Challenges in High-grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasms and Mixed Neuroendocrine/Non-neuroendocrine Neoplasms
AbstractThe growth in knowledge of the pathogenesis, molecular background, and immunohistochemical profile of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has led not only to an increased awareness of these diseases but also to several changes of the nomenclature. In particular, the concept and terminology of high-grade (grade 3) NENs and mixed neoplasms have changed considerably over the last 20 years, creating some confusion among pathologists and clinicians. The aim of this review is to elucidate the diagnostic criteria, including the most important differential diagnoses of high-grade NENs and mixed neuroendocrine/non-neuroendocr...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - March 31, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Challenges in Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas: from Histology to Molecular Immunohistochemistry
AbstractAbdominal paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the infradiaphragmatic paraganglia and adrenal medulla, respectively. Although few pathologists outside of endocrine tertiary centers will ever diagnose such a lesion, the tumors are well known through the medical community —possible due to a combination of the sheer rarity, their often-spectacular presentation due to excess catecholamine secretion as well as their unrivaled coupling to constitutional susceptibility gene mutations and hereditary syndromes. All PPGLs are thought to harbor malignant potential, and ther efore po...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - March 25, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Progression of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma to Anaplastic Carcinoma in Metastatic Lymph Nodes: Solid/Insular Growth and Hobnail Cell Change in Lymph Nodes Are Predictors of Subsequent Anaplastic Transformation
AbstractMost anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATCs) arise from papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This process is also called anaplastic transformation, and the morphological harbingers of this phenomenon in nodal recurrence have not been assessed systematically. For this reason, the current study focused on features of 10 PTCs with regional lymph node recurrence that was accompanied with disease progression due to anaplastic transformation in at least one of the nodal recurrences. The findings of additional 19 PTCs which recurred without anaplastic transformation after ≥ 10 years of follow-up served as the control gr...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - March 24, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
PD-L1 Is Preferentially Expressed in PIT-1 Positive Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumours
AbstractPituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) cause lifelong morbidity, some requiring extensive surgical intervention, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. A small percentage still cause debilitating disease, resistant to standard treatments, and may benefit from novel therapies. We assessed PD-L1 expression in a large cohort of PitNETs to investigate whether immunotherapy could represent a rational therapeutic choice. Unselected PitNETs undergoing surgical resection were reclassified according to the WHO 2017 system and underwent PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (clone SP263) in tissue microarray format. Membranous expression w...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - March 11, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Thyroid and Their Mimics
AbstractThis paper will review neuroendocrine lesions of the thyroid and the differential diagnosis with the most significant such tumor of the thyroid, that is, medullary thyroid carcinoma. A brief overview of the understanding of this tumor's identification as a lesion of C cells and its familial and syndromic associations will be presented. Then, a discussion of the various mimics of medullary carcinoma will be given with an approach to the types of tests that can be done to arrive at a correct diagnostic conclusion. This review will focus on practical “tips” for the practicing pathologist. (Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - March 9, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
The Pangenomic Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: Quality Histopathology is Required for Accurate Translational Research
(Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - March 3, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Molecular Pathology of Non-familial Follicular Epithelial –Derived Thyroid Cancer in Adults: From RAS/BRAF -like Tumor Designations to Molecular Risk Stratification
AbstractThis review addresses the impact of molecular alterations on the diagnosis and prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), including papillary, follicular, and well-differentiated carcinoma NOS, as well as oncocytic neoplasms. The molecular characterization of DTC is based upon the well-established dichotomy ofBRAF-like andRAS-like designations, together with a remaining third group, less homogeneous, composed of non-BRAF-/non-RAS-like tumors. The role ofBRAF V600E mutation in risk stratification is discussed in the clinico-pathological context, namely, staging and invasive features of classic papillary th...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - March 2, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Molecular Pathology of Well-Differentiated Pulmonary and Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors: What Do Pathologists Need to Know?
AbstractThoracic (pulmonary and thymic) neuroendocrine tumors are well-differentiated epithelial neuroendocrine neoplasms that are classified into typical and atypical carcinoid tumors based on mitotic index cut offs and presence or absence of necrosis. This classification scheme is of great prognostic value but designed for surgical specimens, only. Deep molecular characterization of thoracic neuroendocrine tumors highlighted their difference with neuroendocrine carcinomas. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung are characterized by a low mutational burden, and a high prevalence of mutations in chromatin remodeling and histone...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - February 27, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Special Issue on Molecular Pathology of Endocrine Neoplasms: Understanding the Basis of Endocrine Pathology Practice
(Source: Endocrine Pathology)
Source: Endocrine Pathology - February 23, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Molecular Pathology of Poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: What Do Pathologists Need to Know
AbstractThe molecular characterization of poorly and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas has been greatly improved in the last years following the advent of high throughput technologies. However, with special reference to genomic data, the prevalence of reported alterations is partly affected by classification criteria. The impact of molecular pathology in these tumors is multifaceted and bears diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive implications although its use in the clinical practice is not completely assessed. Genomic profiling data claim that genetic alterations in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas inc...
Source: Endocrine Pathology - February 4, 2021 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
