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(Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 25, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Purinergic receptor antagonism: A viable strategy for the management of autonomic dysreflexia?
The purinergic receptor ligand, ATP, may participate in reflex induced vasoconstriction through sympathetic efferent and sensory afferent mechanisms. However, the role of the purinergic system in contributing to autonomic dysreflexia following spinal cord injury is unclear. The present study investigates the involvement of P2X receptors in contributing to pressor responses during autonomic dysreflexia. Twenty rats were subjected to spinal cord injury and 24  h later hemodynamic responses to colorectal distension were recorded. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 15, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Zeljka Minic, Donal S. O'Leary, Christian A. Reynolds Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Inhibition of the dorsomedial hypothalamus substantially decreases brown adipose tissue sympathetic discharge induced by activation of the lateral habenula
The lateral habenula (LHb) is an evolutionarily ancient nucleus that plays an important role in the detection of salient/adverse environmental events. We have previously shown that the LHb is involved in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis elicited by stressful situations, and that the medullary raph é, a key lower brainstem sympathetic control centre, mediates BAT thermogenesis elicited by stimulating the LHb. Since there are no direct projections from the LHb to the medullary raphé, it is plausible that the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), a brain region known to be important for thermoregula tory responses to stre...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 15, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Mariana Brizuela, Youichirou Ootsuka Source Type: research

Distinct cardiovascular and respiratory responses to short-term sustained hypoxia in juvenile Sprague Dawley and Wistar Hannover rats
Short-term sustained hypoxia (SH) elicits active expiration, augmented late-expiratory (late-E) sympathetic activity, increased arterial pressure and ventilation, and amplified sympathetic and abdominal expiratory responses to chemoreflex activation in rats of the Wistar-Ribeir ão Preto (WRP) strain. Herein, we investigated whether SH can differentially affect the cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes of Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar Hannover (WH) rats and compared the results with previous data using WRP rats. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 13, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Darlan S. Bazilio, Karla L. Rodrigues, Davi J.A. Moraes, Benedito H. Machado Source Type: research

Validation of the new index of baroreflex function to identify neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
According to expert opinion, orthostatic hypotension (OH) associated to a change in heart rate ( ΔHR) less than 15 bpm suggests neurogenic OH (NOH). Recently, the ratio between HR and systolic blood pressure changes at 3 min of tilt test (ΔHR/ΔSBP) has been proposed as a better index than the ΔHR cut-off of 17 bpm. Our aim was to validate these indexes based on HR in an independent co hort of patients who performed cardiovascular reflex tests according to standardized procedures at our Institution. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 7, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Pietro Guaraldi, Francesca Baschieri, Giorgio Barletta, Annagrazia Cecere, Pietro Cortelli, Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura Source Type: research

Sex differences in the autonomic and cerebrovascular responses to upright tilt
The objectives of this study were to concurrently investigate autonomic control and cerebrovascular resistance indices, including critical closing pressure (CrCP) and resistance area product (RAP), during upright tilt in men and women. In 13 women and 14 men (18 –29 years), ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, middle cerebral artery blood velocity, and end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) were continuously measured during supine rest and 70° tilt. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 5, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Andrew D. Robertson, Ismina Papadhima, Heather Edgell Source Type: research

Action potential subpopulations within human muscle sympathetic nerve activity: Discharge properties and governing mechanisms
Sympathetic emissions directed towards the skeletal muscle circulation — muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) — represent a key mechanism for maintaining homeostasis and supporting human survival during physiological stress. Pulse-rhythmic bursts formed by the synchronous discharge of differently sized sympathetic action potentials (APs) represent the primary c haracteristic of MSNA. Of the APs firing under baseline conditions (reflecting low-threshold c-fibre activity), a range of subpopulations exist of which three general categories can be discussed based on their peak-to-peak amplitude in the filtered raw neuro...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 5, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Stephen A. Klassen, J. Kevin Shoemaker Tags: Review Source Type: research

Effects of acute hyperglycemia on the exercise pressor reflex in healthy rats
The exercise pressor reflex is exaggerated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hyperglycemia, a main characteristic of T2DM, likely contributes to this exaggerated response. However, the isolated effect of acute hyperglycemia, independent of T2DM, on the exercise pressor reflex is not known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute, local exposure to hyperglycemia on the exercise pressor reflex and its two components, namely the mechanoreflex and the metaboreflex, in healthy rats. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 4, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Yu Huo, Ann-Katrin Grotle, Kai M. Ybarbo, Junghoon Lee, Michelle L. Harrison, Audrey J. Stone Source Type: research

Regulatory effects of cervical sympathetic trunk and renal sympathetic nerve activities on cerebral blood flow during head-down postural rotations
This study attempts to clarify the neural control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during head-down postural rotation, which induces a cephalad fluid shift in urethane-anesthetized rats. The animals were placed on a table, tilted to a 45 ° head-down position over 5 s and maintained in that position. Head-down rotation (HDR) induced a transient decrease (8 ± 3 mm Hg; mean ± SE) in mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) at 7.3 ± 0.3 s after the onset of HDR. The pressure returned to the pre-HDR level within 1 min in the head-down position. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 4, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Noriko Matsuo, Satoshi Matsuo, Yosuke Nakamura, Felix Ojeiru Ezomo, Yasuaki Kawai Source Type: research

Global REACH 2018: Regional differences in cerebral blood velocity control during normoxic and hypoxic cold pressor tests
The impact of oxygen on the cerebral response to the cold pressor test (CPT) remains unknown. In 13 participants, blood pressure, middle and posterior cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv and PCAv, respectively) were measured during an isocapnic normoxic and hypoxic (SpO2  = 85%) CPT. The main findings were: 1) the MCAv response to the CPT was greater compared to the PCAv in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (P = 0.003 and P = 0.002, respectively); and, 2) hypoxia did not alter the cerebral response to the CPT (P = 0.141 and P = 0.150, respecti vely). (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - November 4, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Michael M. Tymko, Ryan L. Hoiland, Philip N. Ainslie Tags: Short communication Source Type: research

Adenosine A1 and A2a receptors modulate the nitrergic system in cell culture from dorsomedial medulla oblongata
In this study we evaluate the interaction between adenosinergic and nitrergic systems in cell culture from the dorsomedial medulla oblongata of Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - October 24, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: M.A. Costa, J.P.P. Matsumoto, D.C. Carrettiero, D.R. Fior-Chadi Source Type: research

Autonomic neuropathy and urologic complications in diabetes
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy affects the entire autonomic nervous system and can lead to dysfunction of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary organ systems. Genitourinary dysfunction associated with diabetic autonomic neuropathy includes diabetic bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Urological complications in diabetes mellitus are very common; in fact, genitourinary complications are more common than diabetic neuropathy or nephropathy. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - October 15, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Nnenaya Agochukwu-Mmonu, Rodica Pop-Busui, Hunter Wessells, Aruna V. Sarma Source Type: research

Exaggerated potassium current reduction by oxytocin in visceral sensory neurons following chronic intermittent hypoxia
Oxytocin (OT) from the hypothalamus is increased in several cardiorespiratory nuclei and systemically in response to a variety of stimuli and stressors, including hypoxia. Within the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS), the first integration site for cardiorespiratory reflexes, OT enhances synaptic transmission, action potential (AP) discharge, and cardiac baroreflex gain. The hypoxic stressor obstructive sleep apnea, and its CIH animal model, elevates blood pressure and alters heart rate variability. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - September 27, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Heather A. Dantzler, David D. Kline Source Type: research

Syncope at SARS-CoV-2 onset
We describe clinical and laboratory findings in 35 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab experiencing one or multiple syncope at disease onset. Clinical neurologic and cardiologic examination, and electrocardiographic findings were normal. Chest computed tomography showed findings consistent with interstitial pneumonia. Arterial blood gas analysis showed low pO2, pCO2, and ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) indicating hypocapnic hypoxemia. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - September 20, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ciro Canetta, Silvia Accordino, Elisabetta Buscarini, Gianpaolo Benelli, Giuseppe La Piana, Alessandro Scartabellati, Giovanni Vigan ò, Roberto Assandri, Alberto Astengo, Chiara Benzoni, Gianfranco Gaudiano, Daniele Cazzato, Davide Sebastiano Rossi, Susa Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Effects of optogenetic activation of the enteric nervous system on gastrointestinal motility in mouse small intestine
Recently, it was demonstrated that optogenetics could be used to stimulate enteric calretinin neurons, leading to increased colonic transit in vitro and in vivo. The aim of the current study was to determine if similar approaches could be used to stimulate the isolated mouse small intestine, with the aim of potentially also improving transit in the small bowel. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - September 18, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Nick J. Spencer, Lee Travis, Tim Hibberd, Nigel Kelly, Jing Feng, Hongzhen Hu Source Type: research