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Recommendations for tilt table testing and other provocative cardiovascular autonomic tests in conditions that may cause transient loss of consciousness
An expert committee was formed to reach consensus on the use of Tilt Table Testing (TTT) in the diagnosis of disorders that may cause transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) and to outline when other provocative cardiovascular autonomic tests are needed. While TTT adds to history taking, it cannot be a substitute for it. An abnormal TTT result is most meaningful if the provoked event is recognised by patients or eyewitnesses as similar to spontaneous ones. The minimum requirements to perform TTT are a tilt table, a continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure monitor, at least one ECG lead, protocols for the indications stated be...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - March 19, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Roland D. Thijs, Michele Brignole, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu, Alessandra Fanciulli, Roy Freeman, Pietro Guaraldi, Jens Jordan, Mario Habek, Max Hilz, Anne Pavy-LeTraon, Iva Stankovic, Walter Struhal, Richard Sutton, Gregor Wenning, J. Gert van Dijk Source Type: research

At-home determination of 24-h urine sodium excretion: Validation of chloride test strips and multiple spot samples
Sodium intake and compliance with dietary sodium modification are typically assessed using a 24-h urine collection analyzed using flame photometry, but this is inconvenient. Spot urine samples have been investigated as alternatives to 24-h collections, but their accuracy is poor. Since sodium and chloride are present in equal concentrations in dietary salt, chloride test strips may provide a suitable proxy for at-home measurement of urine sodium concentrations. We aimed to determine whether (i) chloride test strips provide a reliable measure of urinary sodium compared to the gold standard flame photometry and (ii) multiple...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - March 19, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: N.D. Heeney, R.H. Lee, B.C.D. Hockin, D.C. Clarke, S. Sanatani, K. Armstrong, T. Sedlak, V.E. Claydon Source Type: research

Gastrointestinal dysfunction in neuroinflammatory diseases: Multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, acute autonomic ganglionopathy and related conditions
Disorders of the nervous system can produce a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions. Among these, lesions in various brain structures can cause appetite loss (hypothalamus), decreased peristalsis (presumably the basal ganglia, pontine defecation center/Barrington's nucleus), decreased abdominal strain (presumably parabrachial nucleus/Kolliker-Fuse nucleus) and hiccupping and vomiting (area postrema/dorsal vagal complex). In addition, decreased peristalsis with/without loss of bowel sensation can be caused by lesions of the spinal long tracts and the intermediolateral nucleus or of the peripheral nerves and myenteri...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - March 12, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ryuji Sakakibara Tags: Review Source Type: research

Endothelin B receptors impair baroreflex function and increase blood pressure variability during high salt diet
Baroreflex function is an integral component maintaining consistent blood pressure. Hypertension is often associated with baroreflex dysfunction, and environmental risk factors such as high salt diet exacerbate hypertension in subjects with baroreflex dysfunction. However, the interactions between high salt diet, baroreflex dysfunction, and hypertension are incompletely understood. The endothelin system is another potent mediator of blood pressure control especially in response to a high salt diet. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - March 10, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Bryan K. Becker, Jermaine G. Johnston, Carolyn Young, Alfredo A. Torres Rodriguez, Chunhua Jin, David M. Pollock Source Type: research

Acupuncture modulates immunity in sepsis: Toward a science-based protocol
Sepsis is a serious medical condition in which immune dysfunction plays a key role. Previous treatments focused on chemotherapy to control immune function; however, a recognized effective compound or treatment has yet to be developed. Recent advances indicate that a neuromodulation approach with nerve stimulation allows developing a therapeutic strategy to control inflammation and improve organ functions in sepsis. As a quick, non-invasive technique of peripheral nerve stimulation, acupuncture has emerged as a promising therapy to provide significant advantages for immunomodulation in acute inflammation. (Source: Autonomic...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 27, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Wei-Xing Pan, Arthur Yin Fan, Shaozong Chen, Sarah Faggert Alemi Tags: Review Source Type: research

Resting cardiac sympathetic firing frequencies suppress terminal norepinephrine transporter uptake
The prejunctional norepinephrine transporter (NET) is responsible for the clearance of released norepinephrine (NE) back into the sympathetic nerve terminal. NET regulation must be tightly controlled as variations could have important implications for neurotransmission. Thus far, the effects of sympathetic neuronal activity on NET function have been unclear. Here, we optically monitor single-terminal cardiac NET activity ex vivo in response to a broad range of sympathetic postganglionic action potential (AP) firing frequencies. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 26, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Lily L. Cao, Janice M. Marshall, Larissa Fabritz, Keith L. Brain Source Type: research

Raising the bar in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome research: Evidence and challenges
(Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 22, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Marie-Claire Seeley, Dennis H. Lau Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Bidirectional intrinsic modulation of EEG band power time series and spectral components of heart rate variability
Some hypotheses relate oscillations of EEG band power with autonomic processes derived from homeostatic control modulated by structures like the Central Autonomic Network and the Autonomic Nervous System. This research project studies the causal relationships between fluctuations of an autonomic process marker like the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and the proposed EEG band power time series (BPts).To verify the existence of directional causal relationships, Granger Causality (GC) test was used between HRV and BPts. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 19, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: MariNieves Pardo-Rodriguez, Erik Bojorges-Valdez, Oscar Yanez-Suarez Source Type: research

Editorial Board
(Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 16, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Exaggerated sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to dynamic mechanoreflex activation in rats with heart failure: Role of endoperoxide 4 and thromboxane A2 receptors
The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the role played by endoperoxide 4 receptors (EP4-R) and thromboxane A2 receptors (TxA2-R) during isolated dynamic muscle mechanoreflex activation in rats with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-rEF) and sham-operated healthy controls. We found that injection of the EP4-R antagonist L-161,982 (1  μg) into the arterial supply of the hindlimb had no effect on the peak pressor response to dynamic hindlimb muscle stretch in HF-rEF (n = 6, peak ∆MAP pre: 27 ± 7; post: 27 ± 4 mm Hg; P = 0.99) or sham (n = 6, peak ∆MAP pre: 15...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 13, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Alec L.E. Butenas, Korynne S. Rollins, Auni C. Williams, Shannon K. Parr, Stephen T. Hammond, Carl J. Ade, K. Sue Hageman, Timothy I. Musch, Steven W. Copp Source Type: research

Characterizing the autonomic neural connections between the abdominal aortic and superior hypogastric plexuses: A multimodal neuroanatomical study
The aortic plexus serves as the primary gateway for sympathetic fibers innervating the pelvic viscera. Damage to this plexus and/or its associated branches can lead to an assortment of neurogenic complications such as bladder dysregulation or retrograde ejaculation. The neuroanatomy of this autonomic plexus has only recently been clarified in humans; as such, the precise function of its constituent fibers is still not clear. Further study into the functional neuroanatomy of the aortic plexus could help refine nerve-sparing surgical procedures that risk debilitating neurogenic complications, while also advancing understandi...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 13, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Adam M.R. Groh, Justin Lamont, Cleusa de Oliveira, Jacob Fanous, Nagalingam Rajakumar, Nicholas E. Power, Tyler S. Beveridge Source Type: research

An origin of carotid vasodilation extends along the full extent of the parasympathetic parvicellular reticular region in the rat brainstem
During grooming in rats, cranial parasympathetic activation leads to increased carotid artery blood flow, but the brainstem origin of this vasodilation signal is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to map brainstem sites wherein chemical stimulation with L-cysteine, an ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptor activator, can trigger carotid vasodilation in anesthetized intact and superior cervical sympathectomized (SCD) rats. The right side of the brainstem was accessed ventrally; arterial blood pressure and right carotid artery flow resistance were monitored. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 13, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Yumi Takemoto Source Type: research

Cardiac sympathetic denervation and mental health
Bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation (BCSD) is a surgical treatment for refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Although the procedure has shown efficacy at reducing cardiac arrhythmias, its impact on mental health is unknown. In the current study we examined associations between the BCSD procedure and mental health. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 13, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sahib S. Khalsa, Ashley N. Clausen, Leila Shahabi, Julie Sorg, Sarah E. Gonzalez, Bruce Naliboff, Kalyanam Shivkumar, Olujimi Ajijola Source Type: research

Autonomic dysregulation as an early pathologic feature of Huntington Disease
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction has been described in adults with motor-manifest Huntington's Disease (HD) or those who are near their predicted motor onset. It is unclear if ANS dysfunction is present years prior to the onset of motor symptoms of HD. To bridge this gap in knowledge, we compared crude markers of ANS function between children with the gene-expansion that causes HD (GE group) who were decades from their predicted motor onset and gene-non-expanded children (GNE group). (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 4, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Jordan L. Schultz, Lyndsay A. Harshman, John A. Kamholz, Peg C. Nopoulos Source Type: research

The features of the glymphatic system
The glymphatic system creates a network of perivascular channels. It is made of astroglia cells, whose perikaryon extensions strongly express aquaporin-4 water channels (AQP4). The pathways of the glymphatic system ensure the transport of nutrients, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, neurotransmitters, antigens, and immune cells, as well as exchange of information via afferent and efferent immune pathways. Within the glymphatic system, convective exchange of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) components takes place, through aquaporin-4 water channels that facilitate fluid exchange. (Source: Autonom...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - February 2, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Blanka Nycz, Marek Mandera Tags: Review Source Type: research