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Syncope and silent hypoxemia in COVID-19: Implications for the autonomic field
Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), the infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, has wreaked havoc across the globe since its emergence in December 2019. Reports of patients presenting with syncope and pre-syncope, as well as hypoxemia without symptoms of dyspnea ( “silent hypoxemia”), have led researchers to speculate whether SARS-CoV-2 can alter autonomic nervous system function. As viral infections are commonly reported triggers of altered autonomic control, we must consider whether SARS-CoV-2 can also interfere with autonomic activity, at least in some patients. (S...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - July 5, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Jacquie Baker, Anthony V. Incognito, Richard J.A. Wilson, Satish R. Raj Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research

Preparing for the long-haul: Autonomic complications of COVID-19
As global numbers of COVID-19 grow, chronic neurological symptoms, including those of autonomic dysfunction, are being reported with increasing frequency. Mounting evidence suggests that many patients experience chronic and sometimes debilitating symptoms long after their acute infectious period, leading to the new diagnostic category of post-acute COVID syndrome. Many symptoms of post-acute COVID syndrome appear autonomic in nature, suggesting that autonomic impairment may play a central role in the underlying pathophysiology. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - July 3, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Nicholas W. Larsen, Lauren E. Stiles, Mitchell G. Miglis Tags: Review Source Type: research

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease with a high burden of illness. Invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS) is a well-established treatment option in patients with epilepsy (PWE). More recently, transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) was introduced an alternative option which is particularly interesting because it does not require surgery and is instantaneously removable. Here, we thoroughly reviewed clinical data on efficacy and safety of tVNS in epilepsies.Five prospective trials in 118 patients with drug-resistant epilepsies and 3 randomized controlled trials in 280 patients with drug-resistant epile...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 30, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Randi von Wrede, Rainer Surges Source Type: research

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): Priorities for POTS care and research from a 2019 National Institutes of Health Expert Consensus Meeting – Part 2
The National Institutes of Health hosted a workshop in 2019 to build consensus around the current state of understanding of the pathophysiology of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and to identify knowledge gaps that must be addressed to enhance clinical care of POTS patients through research. This second (of two) articles summarizes current knowledge gaps, and outlines the clinical and research priorities for POTS.POTS is a complex, multi-system, chronic disorder of the autonomic nervous system characterized by orthostatic intolerance and orthostatic tachycardia without hypotension. (Source: Autonomic Neuro...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 29, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Satish R. Raj, Kate M. Bourne, Lauren E. Stiles, Mitchell G. Miglis, Melissa M. Cortez, Amanda J. Miller, Roy Freeman, Italo Biaggioni, Peter C. Rowe, Robert S. Sheldon, Cyndya A. Shibao, Andre Diedrich, David M. Systrom, Glen A. Cook, Taylor A. Doherty, Source Type: research

Sympathoinhibitory effect of sacubitril-valsartan in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A pilot study
Chronic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) overactivity, characteristic of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is associated with poor prognosis and contributes to increased mortality risk. Sacubitril-valsartan is a recently approved, first-in-class, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) drug that markedly reduces the risks of death from cardiovascular causes and hospitalization for HF in patients with HFrEF, but the physiologic mechanisms underlying these benefits are not fully understood. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 23, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Kanokwan Bunsawat, Stephen M. Ratchford, Jeremy K. Alpenglow, Josef Stehlik, Adam S. Smith, Russell S. Richardson, D. Walter Wray Source Type: research

Cardioneuroablation changes the type of vasovagal response in patients with asystolic reflex syncope
Cardioneuroablation (CNA) has been recently proposed as a new therapy in patients with asystolic vasovagal syncope (VVS) caused by parasympathetic overactivity. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 23, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Roman Piotrowski, Anna Żuk, Jakub Baran, Agnieszka Sikorska, Tomasz Kryński, Piotr Kułakowski Source Type: research

Stellate ganglionitis in sudden cardiac death: A case report
We present a SCD with stellate ganglionitis in which the inflammatory cells were characterized. The case was 37-year-old man who died from ischemic and hypertensive heart disease. The left stellate ganglion showed lymphocytic inflammation with features of humoral immune response. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 23, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Michael Duffy, Jack Garland, Benjamin Ondruschka, Julian F.R. Paton, Emma N. Bardsley, Christopher X. Wong, Simon Stables, Rexson Tse Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Geoff Burnstock, purinergic signalling, and chemosensory control of breathing
This article is the authors' contribution to the tribute issue in honour of Geoffrey Burnstock, the founder of this journal and the field of purinergic signalling. We give a brief account of the results of experimental studies which at the beginning received valuable input from Geoff, who both directly and indirectly influenced our research undertaken over the last two decades. Research into the mechanisms controlling breathing identified ATP as the common mediator of the central and peripheral chemosensory transduction. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 23, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Alexander V. Gourine, K. Michael Spyer Source Type: research

Vagus nerve ultrasonography in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Vagus nerve (VN) has been suggested as one of the major routes of Parkinson's disease (PD) progression from enteric nervous system to brain. Therefore, the recent studies have investigated the VN structurally, with a focus on the changes in its size in PD patients using high-frequency ultrasonography. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate VN size via ultrasound in PD compared to controls. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 19, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ramy Abdelnaby, Mohamed Elsayed, Khaled A. Mohamed, Khaled T. Dardeer, Yousef Tarek Sonbol, Anas ELgenidy, Mahmoud H. Barakat, Mariam M. Alwerdani, Andrea Maier Source Type: research

Metoprolol attenuates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced cardiac damage by suppression of sympathetic overactivity in mice
In this study, we investigated the role of sympathetic overactivity in mediating cardiac dysfunction post ICH in mice. Collagenase-injection ICH model was established in adult male C57BL/6J mice. Neurological function was subsequently evaluated at multiple time points after ICH and cardiac function was measured by echocardiography on 3 and 14  days after ICH. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 5, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Liqun Zhang, Jimusi Wuri, Lulu An, Xiaoxuan Liu, Ye Wu, Haotian Hu, Ruixia Wu, Yue Su, Quan Yuan, Tao Yan Source Type: research

Purinergic signalling in the kidney – A beginning with Geoffrey Burnstock
This not an original publication or a current and up-to-date review of purinergic signalling and kidney function, but rather a tribute to Professor Geoffrey Burnstock, written as a short and personal memoir of our early collaborative work together on this topic: our beginnings and the subsequent journey we took with our many valued collaborators along the way. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 5, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Robert J. Unwin Source Type: research

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): State of the science and clinical care from a 2019 National Institute of Health Expert Consensus Meeting
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a chronic and often disabling disorder characterized by orthostatic intolerance with excessive heart rate increase without hypotension during upright posture. Patients often experience a constellation of other typical symptoms including fatigue, exercise intolerance and gastrointestinal distress. A typical patient with POTS is a female of child-bearing age, who often first displays symptoms in adolescence. The onset of POTS may be precipitated by immunological stressors such as a viral infection. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 4, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Steven Vernino, Kate M. Bourne, Lauren E. Stiles, Blair P. Grubb, Artur Fedorowski, Julian M. Stewart, Amy C. Arnold, Laura A. Pace, Jonas Axelsson, Jeffrey R. Boris, Jeffrey P. Moak, Brent P. Goodman, Kamal R. Ch émali, Tae H. Chung, David S. Goldstein, Source Type: research

P2X3 receptors participate in purinergic inhibition of gastrointestinal smooth muscle
The ATP analogue α,β-meATP is a potent relaxant of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but its molecular target is uncertain inside the gut. α,β-meATP relaxed the carbachol-precontracted guinea-pig taenia coli in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50, 2.0 ± 0.1 mM). A luciferase-based assay confirmed that α ,β-meATP solutions were minimally contaminated with ATP. α,β-meATP-evoked relaxations were inhibited by the competitive P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179 (pA2 = 5.36), but also by the competitive P2X3 antagonist, A-317491 (pA2 = 5.51). (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 4, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Brian F. King Source Type: research

Neurotransmitters responsible for purinergic motor neurotransmission and regulation of GI motility
Classical concepts of peripheral neurotransmission were insufficient to explain enteric inhibitory neurotransmission. Geoffrey Burnstock and colleagues developed the idea that ATP or a related purine satisfies the criteria for a neurotransmitter and serves as an enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter in GI muscles. Cloning of purinergic receptors and development of specific drugs and transgenic mice have shown that enteric inhibitory responses depend upon P2Y1 receptors in post-junctional cells. The post-junctional cells that transduce purinergic neurotransmitters in the GI tract are PDGFR α+ cells and not smooth muscle cell...
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - June 1, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Kenton M. Sanders, Violeta N. Mutafova-Yambolieva Source Type: research

The extraordinary partnership of Geoff Burnstock and Mollie Holman
Here, we recognise some of the extraordinary accomplishments of the partnership between Geoff Burnstock and Mollie Holman, and the everlasting impact they both made in autonomic neuroscience in Australia. Much of strength today in autonomic neuroscience can be traced back to a time when Geoff and Mollie commenced their seminal studies on autonomic neuroscience, initially at Oxford, then at The University of Melbourne in the mid 1960's. Mollie and Geoff published their first paper together, at Oxford, with their then mentor, and doyenne of smooth muscle, Professor Edith B ülbring. (Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical)
Source: Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical - May 31, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Nick J. Spencer, Marcello Costa Source Type: research