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DPP4 Inhibitors and COVID-19 –Holy Grail or Another Dead End?
AbstractA novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has emerged as a global public health issue. Clinical course of disease significantly correlates with the occurrence of some comorbidities, among them type 2 diabetes. According to recent structural studies the dipeptidyl peptidase 4, a key molecule in the pathophysiology of diabetes, may influence the course of COVID-19. Since DPP4 inhibitors, gliptins, are widely used in diabetes patients, the exact role of DPP4 modulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, at least in that group, urgently needs to be clarified. In this short review, we discuss this issue with more detail. (Source: Ar...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - February 2, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Clinical Outcomes, and Safety Profiles of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors
AbstractProgrammed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 are critical for the regulation of T cell exhaustion and activity suppression. Tumor cells expressing immune checkpoints including PD-L1 escape monitoring of T cells from the host immune system. Checkpoint inhibitors are highly promising therapies that function as tumor-suppressing factors via modulation of tumor cell –immune cell interactions as well as boosting T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Notably, PD-1 or PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) has demonstrated promising therapeutic effects in clinical studies of many types of cancer. These mAbs have ...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - November 13, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

SARS-CoV-2: Remarks on the COVID-19 Pandemic
AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic developing rapidly in 2020 is triggered by the emergence of a new human virus —SARS-CoV-2. The emergence of a new virus is not an unexpected phenomenon and has been predicted for many years. Since the virus has spread all over the world, it will be very difficult or even impossible to eradicate it. A necessary condition for complete or partial elimination of the virus is to have an effective vaccine. It is possible that SARS-CoV-2 will become milder in the next few years and COVID-19 will then only threaten individuals from risk groups. (Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis)
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - November 13, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Application of CAR-T Cells in Haematological Malignancies
AbstractChimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells (CART) remain one of the most advanced and promising forms of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. CART represent autologous, genetically engineered T lymphocytes expressing CAR, i.e. fusion proteins that combine components and features of T cells as well as antibodies providing their more effective and direct anti-tumour effect. The technology of CART construction is highly advanced in vitro and every element of their structure influence their mechanism of action in vivo. Patients with haematological malignancies are faced with the possibility of disease relapse after the implemen...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - November 6, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Astragaloside IV Exerts Anti-tumor Effect on Murine Colorectal Cancer by Re-educating Tumor-Associated Macrophage
In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of AS-IV in CRC and explored its underlying mechanism. CT26 colon cancer cells and mouse model by injection of CT26 cells subcutaneously were used as in vitro and in viv o model. M1 and M2 macrophage-associated markers, mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed after AS-IV treatment. Inflammatory factors and cytokines in the tumors from mouse model were detected. Repolarization effect of AS-IV in vitro on bone-marrow-derived macrophages was also detected. In vitro, AS-IV inhibited the proliferation of CT26 cells and induced cell apoptosis dose-dependently, and si...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - October 23, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand Regulation in Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils by Panax ginseng
AbstractA proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was first identified as a factor favoring tumorigenesis. APRIL is important fitness and survival factors for B cells and plasma cells in the periphery. Considering this, as well as the quantitative predominance of neutrophils among the peripheral blood leukocytes, we carried out the first study assessing the influence of the transforming growth factor (TGF)- β signaling pathway on APRIL expression in these cells. Furthermore, as the Rb1 ginsenoside is known to exhibit multiple pharmacological activities, we verified i...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - October 13, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

In Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction, the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat Suppresses Cellular and Humoral Alloimmunity
AbstractHypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors are currently used for the treatment of renal anemia. Since HIF affects immune cells, we evaluated the effect of such a drug, the roxadustat, on adaptive immunity. Cell proliferation was assessed in a two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with BrdU assay. In CD4+ T cells isolated from the two-way MLRs, western blotting was performed to detect the impact of roxadustat on HIF-1 α and HIF-2α, the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3, and the master transcription factors of CD4+ T cells differentiation towards Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg and Tfh subsets. The signa...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - October 3, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Intestinal Nematode Infection Affects Metastasis of EL4 Lymphoma Cells
AbstractAn effective host immune system prevents the growth of most cancer cells. However, as intestinal nematodes are able to induce both immunotolerance and immunosuppression in the host, it is possible that their presence could allow co-occurring cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize. Our findings indicate that previous, subsequent or concurrent intestinal nematode infection affects the formation of lung metastatic nodules in mice experimentally infected withHeligmosomoides polygyrus. In addition, pre-infection with nematodes renders mice resistant to metastasis development in lungs, with the inoculated EL4 cancer...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - September 21, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Pattern Recognition Receptors: Significance of Expression in the Liver
AbstractPattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a pivotal part of the immune system. They are distributed in almost every site of higher organisms, able to recognize foreign pathogens or unwanted remnants of metabolism and mount innate immune response. Moreover, PRRs create bridging signaling to initiate adaptive immunity. The liver being the largest organ of the body, exposed to myriads of foreign substances often being immunogenic, is well equipped with PRRs. They act as sentinels of the organ, both in health and disease. In viral hepatitis C at least two of them, RIG-1 and TLR3 sense HCV, induce protective interferon p...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - September 16, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Gene Expression Profiling Studies Using Microarray in Osteoarthritis: Genes in Common and Different Conditions
AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA), which is characterized mainly by cartilage degradation, is the most prevalent joint disorder worldwide. Although OA is identified as a major cause of joint pain, disability, and socioeconomic burden, the etiology of OA is still not clearly known. Recently, gene microarray analysis has become an efficient method for the research of complex diseases and has been employed to determine what genes and pathways are involved in the pathological process of OA. In this review, OA study results over the last decade are summarized for gene expression profiling of various tissues, such as cartilage, subcho...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - September 9, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

IL-6 Contributes to the TGF- β1-Mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Human Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells
AbstractTo determine the role of IL-6 in bringing about the EMT, in SGEC obtained from healthy subjects. Human salivary gland (SGs) epithelial cells (SGEC) from primary Sj ögren’s syndrome (pSS) are able to synthesize interleukin (IL)-6, which is a critical mediator of the SGs modifications in response to chronic inflammation. Recently, a hypothetical link between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-dependent salivary gland fibrosis and chronic inflammatory con ditions has been suggested for pSS; the present study was conducted to evaluate this link. Primary cultures of human SGEC from salivary mucoceles were stimul...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - September 9, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The expression of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
AbstractChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a frequent disease with high social impact and multifactorial pathogenesis. Recently, the bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 has been described to play a role in upper airway innate mucosal defense. The aim was to determine the localization and expression of the TAS2R38 in the selected cell lines and tissue collected from patient suffered from CRS as well as to correlate the results with clinical data. Moreover, the purpose was the estimation of the TAS2R38 distribution changes during acute and CRS. Forty-two patients undergoing nasal surgery were enrolled in the study. The TAS2R38 expres...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - September 9, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Activity-Based Protein Profiling of Serine Proteases in Immune Cells
AbstractMultiple types of immune cells utilize serine proteases in their mechanisms of defense against pathogens or altered host cells. Dysregulation of the serine protease activity from these cells underlies different diseases. In the past, the technique of activity-based protein profiling proved to be especially useful for the study of proteases, and various studies have used small-molecule activity-based probes to covalently label and detect serine proteases from immune cells. In this review, we give an overview of the different activity-based probes that have been designed for serine proteases and how their selectivity...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - August 18, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Polymorphisms within the RANK and RANKL Encoding Genes in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Association with Disease Progression and Effectiveness of the Biological Treatment
This study enrolled 318 RA patients and 163 controls.RANK (rs8086340, C  >  G; rs1805034, C >  T) andRANKL (rs7325635, G  >  A; rs7988338 G >  A) alleles were determined by real-time PCR with melting curve analysis and related with clinical parameters. In addition, RANKL serum levels were measured by ELISA. TheRANK rs8086340-G allele was overrepresented among patients as compared to controls (OD  = 1.777,p = 0.038). C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly (p <  0.05) associated withRANK rs8086340 polymorphism and were higher in theCC-homozygotes at the baseline while lo...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - August 18, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Cathepsin G and its Dichotomous Role in Modulating Levels of MHC Class I Molecules
AbstractCathepsin G (CatG) is involved in controlling numerous processes of the innate and adaptive immune system. These features include the proteolytic activity of CatG and play a pivotal role in alteration of chemokines as well as cytokines, clearance of exogenous and internalized pathogens, platelet activation, apoptosis, and antigen processing. This is in contrast to the capability of CatG acting in a proteolytic-independent manner due to the net charge of arginine residues in the CatG sequence which interferes with bacteria. CatG is a double-edged sword; CatG is also responsible in pathophysiological conditions, such...
Source: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - August 18, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research