Eyesight to the Blind-Pharmacotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity

Neonatal Netw. 2023 Mar 1;42(2):88-95. doi: 10.1891/NN.2022-0054.ABSTRACTRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP) places preterm infants at significant risk for blindness. Angiogenesis of retinal blood vessels relies on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released in response to physiologic in utero hypoxia. Relative hyperoxia and disruption in the supply of growth factors after preterm birth lead to cessation of normal vascular growth. Recovery of VEGF production after 32 weeks' postmenstrual age results in aberrant vascular growth, including the formation of fibrous scars with the potential to detach the retina. Ablation of aberrant vessels by mechanical or pharmacologic methods relies on timely diagnosis in the early stages of ROP. Mydriatic medications dilate the pupil to allow examination of the retina. Mydriasis is typically accomplished using a combination of topical phenylephrine, a potent alpha-receptor agonist, and cyclopentolate, an anticholinergic. Systemic absorption of these agents results in a high incidence of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory adverse effects. Procedural analgesia should include the topical anesthetic proparacaine, oral sucrose, and nonpharmacologic interventions like non-nutritive sucking. Analgesia is often incomplete, leading to investigation of systemic agents like oral acetaminophen. If ROP threatens retinal detachment, laser photocoagulation is utilized to arrest vascular growth. More recently, the VEGF-antagonists, bevaciz...
Source: Neonatal Network - Category: Perinatology & Neonatology Authors: Source Type: research